Transcript Muscles and Movement notes

Muscles and Movement
Topic 11.2
Human Skeleton
 Axial skeleton
 Supports the axis, or trunk of the body.
 Consists of :
 the skull, enclosing and protecting the brain
 the vertebral column (backbone), enclosing the spinal cord
 a rib cage around the lungs and heart
Human Skeleton
 Appendicular skeleton
 Made up of the bones of the appendages (arms and legs) and the
bones that anchor the appendages to the axial skeleton.
 Shoulder girdle and pelvic girdle provide a base of support for
the bones of the forelimbs and hind limbs.
Human Skeleton
 Distinct features:
 Housing our large brain, our skull is large and flat-faced; its rounded part is
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the largest braincase relative to body size in the animal kingdom.
The skull is balanced atop the backbone with the spinal cord exiting directly
underneath.
Our backbone is S-shaped, which helps balance the body in the vertical
plane.
Pelvic girdle is short, round, and oriented vertically
Human hand is adapted for strong gripping and precise manipulation.
Our feet, with ground-touching heel, straight-facing big toe for propulsion,
and shock-absorbing arches, are specialized for supporting the entire body
and for bipedal walking.
Our vertical backbone bears weight unevenly, and our lower back carries
much of the load.
 The lower back is easily strained, especially when we bend over or lift heavy objects.
Human movement requires…
 Bones
 Ligaments
 Muscles
 Tendons
 Nerves
Role of Bones
 Bones
 provide rigid framework against which muscles attach and
against which leverage can be produced, changing the size or
direction of forces generated by muscles.
Role of Ligaments
 Ligaments
 connect bone to bone, restricting movement at joints and
helping to prevent dislocation.
 Made of strong fibrous connective tissues
Role of muscles
 Muscles
 attach to bones via tendons, and when muscles contract, they
create the forces that move bones; using leverage, small muscle
contractions can produce large bone movements
Role of tendons
 Tendons
 attach muscles to bone.
Role of nerves
 Nerves
 provide a communication network along which messages can be
sent signaling muscles to contract at a precise time and extent,
so that movement is coordinated.
Elbow joint
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Human
Skeleton
Much of the versatility of the vertebrate skeleton comes from its joints.
 Strong fibrous connective tissues called ligaments hold together the bones of movable joints.
 Three kinds of joints:
 1. ball-and-socket joints- HIP!
 Enables us to rotate our arms and legs and move them in several planes
 Protraction/retraction: forward and backwards
 Abduction/adduction: sideways in and out
 Rotation: circular movement
 For example, where the humerus joins the shoulder girdle and also where the femur joins the pelvic girdle
 2. hinge joint- KNEE!
 Permits movement in a single plane
 But constrains movement from other two planes
 For example, in the knee:
 Flexion bends the leg
 Extension straightens the leg
 For example, found in the arm, elbow and also in the knee
 3. pivot joint
 Enable us to rotate the forearm at the elbow.
 Hinge and pivot joints in our wrists and hands enable us to make precise manipulations.
Ball-and-socket joint
Hinge Joint- Elbow
Pivot Joint- Forearm
Human Elbow Joint
Functions of the structures of the
Human Elbow
 Cartilage: reduces friction between bones where they meet
 Synovial fluid: lubricates joint to reduce friction
 Joint capsule: seals the joint and holds in the synovial fluid
 Humerus: upper arm bone: attachment of biceps and triceps
 Ulna & radius: forearm bones: attachment of biceps and triceps
 Biceps: attaches from humerus to ulna & radius
 Triceps: attaches from humerus to ulna
 Antagonism: biceps and triceps attach across elbow joint; while
triceps contracts to to extend arm, biceps relaxes; conversely,
while treceps relax and the biceps contract, flexing the arm
Bone
 Bones are complex organs consisting of several kinds of moist,
living tissues.
 For example, Figure 30.4 a human humerus (upper arm bone):
 Consists of a sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers most of
the outside surface.(periosteum)
 Tissue helps form new bone in the event of a fracture.
 A thin sheet of cartilage forms a cushion-like surface for joints,
protecting the ends of bones as they move against one another.
 Synovial membrane encloses the joint in synovial fluid.
 Synovial fluid is formed from blood plasma and is secreted by the
synovial membrane. It lubricates the joint as well as nourishing the
cartilage.
Bone
 For example, Figure 30.4 a human humerus (upper arm bone)
continued…:
 The bone itself contains living cells that secrete a surrounding
material, or matrix.
 Bone matrix consists of flexible fibers of the protein collagen
embedded in a hard mineral made of calcium and phosphate.
 The collagen keeps the bone flexible and nonbrittle, while the hard
mineral matrix resists compression
Bone
 For example, Figure 30.4 a human humerus (upper arm
bone)continued…:
 The shaft of this long bone is made of compact bone, so named because
it has a dense structure.
 The compact bone surrounds a central cavity with contains yellow
bone marrow, which is mostly stored fat brought into the bone by the
blood.
 the ends, or heads, of the bone have an outer layer of compact bone and
an inner layer of spongy bone, so named because it is honeycombed
with small cavities.
 The cavities contain red bone marrow, a specialized tissue that produces are
blood cells.
 Blood vessels course through channels in the bone, transporting
nutrients and regulatory hormones to its cells.
 Nerves paralleling the blood vessels help regulate the traffic of materials
between the bone and the blood.
Bone
Diagram of a Human Elbow Joint
Skeleton and muscle interactions
 Muscles interact with bones, which act as levers, to produce
movement.
 Muscles are connected to bones by tendons
 For example, one end of the biceps muscle shown in figure 30.7 is
attached by tendons to bones of the shoulder; the other end is
attached across the hinge joint of the elbow—which acts as the
point of support—to one of the bones in the forearm.
Skeleton and muscle interactions
 The action of a muscle is always to contract, or shorten.
 A muscle’s relaxation to an extended position is a passive process.
 The ability to move an arm in opposite directions requires that
muscles be attached to the arm bones in antagonistic pairs.
 In the arm:
 contraction of the biceps muscle raises the forearm.
 The triceps muscle is the biceps’s antagonist.
 The upper end of the triceps attaches to the shoulder, while its lower
end attaches to the elbow.
 The contraction of the triceps lowers the forearm, extending the
biceps in the process.
Skeleton and muscle interactions
Muscle tissue
 Muscle tissue
 Consists of bundles of long cells called muscle fibers and is the most abundant tissue in most
animals.
 Skeletal muscle
 Attached to bones by tendons and is responsible for voluntary movements of the body.
 The arrangement of the contractile units along the length of muscle cells gives them a striped
or striated appearance.
 Cardiac muscle
 Forms the contractile tissue of the heart.
 It is striated like skeletal muscle, but its cells are branched, interconnecting at specialized
junctions that rapidly relay the signal to contract from cell to cell during the heartbeat.
 Smooth muscle
 Gets its name from its lack of striations.
 Type of muscle is found in the walls of the digestive tract, urinary bladder, arteries, and
other internal organs.
 The cells (fibers) are shaped like spindles. They contract more slowly than skeletal muscles,
but they can sustain contractions for a longer period of time.
Muscle Tissue
Skeletal muscle
 Skeletal muscle, which is attached to the skeleton and produces
body movements, is made up of a hierarchy of smaller and smaller
parallel strands.
 A muscle consists of bundles of parallel muscle fibers, and each
muscle fiber is a single cell with many nuclei.
 Each muscle fiber is itself a bundle of smaller myofibrils.
 A myofibril consists of repeating units called sarcomeres.
 Skeletal muscle is called striated (striped) muscle because the
sarcomeres produce alternating light and dark bands when viewed with
a microscope.
 Structurally, a sarcomere is the region between the two dark, narrow
lines, called Z lines, in the myofibril.
 Functionally, the sarcomere is the contractile apparatus in a myofibril—
the muscle fiber’s fundamental unit of action.
Skeletal muscle
 Sarcomere
 Composed of regular arrangements of two kinds of filaments:
 Thin filament
 Consists of two strands of the protein actin an two strands of a regulatory
protein, coiled around each other.
 Light bands at the edge of the sarcomere, within light band are the Z lines that
consist of proteins that connect adjuacent thin filaments
 Thick filament
 Contains a staggered array of multiple strands of the protein myosin.
 Broad, dark band centered in the sarcomere; they are interspersed with thin
filaments that project toward the center of the sarcomere.
*The specific arrangement of repeating units of thin and thick filaments is
directly related to the mechanics of muscle contraction.
Sarcomere
Sliding Filament Model
 Sliding-Filament model of muscle contraction:
 A sarcomere contracts (shortens) when its thin filaments slide across
its thick filaments.
 In a contracting sarcomere:
 The Z lines and the thin filaments have moved toward the middle of the
sarcomere.
 When the muscle is fully contracted, the thin filaments overlap in the middle of
the sarcomere.
 Contraction only shortens the sarcomere; it does not change the lengths of the
thick and thin filaments.
 A whole muscle can shorten about 35% of its resting length when all its
sarcomeres contract.
http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/CorePages/Muscle/Images/Mus1ani.
gif
Sliding Filament Model
 What makes the thin filaments slide when a sarcomere contracts?
 The key events are energy-consuming interactions between the
myosin molecules of the thick filaments and the actin of the thin
filaments.
 Parts of the myosin, called heads, bind with specific sites on actin
molecules located on the thin filaments.
 In a muscle fiber at rest, these sites are covered by a regulatory
protein complex of two molecules: tropomyosin and troponin
 Stimulation by a motor neuron causes the binding sites to be
exposed so that actin and myosis can interact.
 Muscle contraction requires calcium ions (Ca2+) and energy (ATP)
in order for thick and thin filaments to slide past each other.
Sliding Filament Model
 Steps:
 1. The binding sites on the actin molecule (to which myosin “heads” will
locate) are blocked by a complex of two molecules: tropomyosin and
troponin.
 2.Prior to muscle contraction, ATP binds to the heads of the myosin
molecules, priming them in an erect high energy state.
 Arrival of an action potential causes a release of Ca2+ from the
sarcoplasmic reticulum.
 The Ca2+ binds to the troponin and causes the blocking molecules to
move so that the myosin binding sites on the actin filament become
exposed.
 3.The heads of the cross-bridging myosin molecules attach to the
binding sites on the actin filament.
 Release of energy from the hydrolysis of ATP accompanies the cross
bridge formation.
Sliding Filament Model
 Steps (continued…)
 4. The energy release from ATP hydrolysis causes a change in
shape of the myosin cross bridge, resulting in a bending action (the
power stroke).
 This causes the actin filaments to slide past the myosin filaments
towards the center of the sarcomere.
 5.Fresh ATP attaches to the myosin molecules, releasing them
from the binding sites and repriming them for a repeat movement.
They become attached further along the actin chain (closer to the
Z line) as long as ATP and Ca2+ are available.
Sliding Filament Model
 This sequence—detach, extend, attach, pull—occurs again and
again in a contracting muscle.
 Though we are only looking at one myosin head in action, a
typical thick filament has about 350 heads, each of which can
bind and unbind to a thin filament about five times per second.
 Some myosin heads hold the thin filaments in position, while
others are reaching for new binding sites.
 As long as sufficient ATP is present, the process continues until
the muscle is fully contracted or until the signal to contract
stops.
Animation
 http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/matthews/myosin.ht
ml