Transcript Pain
Pain & Pain Management PSYC 4080 Health Psychology Amber M. Henslee, M.S. Meaning of Pain • __________ pain – Tissue damage to the body • Psychological/emotional pain – Perception • EX: hook through the arm • Acute Pain Stages of Pain – Short duration – Signals us not to do that again! – e.g., _______ • Prechronic Pain – Either overcome pain or develops feelings of _________ • Chronic Pain – Long duration – Either from injury or a chronic condition – e.g., lower back • Self report Assessment – Rating scales, questionnaires • ___________ methods – Behavioral assessment • Physiological measures – ____ (Electromyography) measures muscle tension McGill Pain Quest. Pain Rating Scales Signs vs. Symptoms What you can observe: • Muscle rigidity • Tears • Grimace • Groan • Agitation • _____________ What they report: • Intensity • _________ • Duration • Better or Worse • • • • • • • • Pain Management Techniques Relaxation Biofeedback Hypnosis Acupuncture TENS (____________) Distraction Medication - __________ Surgery Biofeedback • DFN = info on bodily process to learn to control it – e.g., bp, hr, skin temp • Electromyograph (EMG) = electrical discharge in muscle fibers • __________ = skin temperature • Audio/visual signal • Trial/error- patient changes thoughts & behaviors Biofeedback Outcomes • Joint pain, migraine headache, hypertension • Expensive technology & trained personnel – Relaxation & hypnosis cheaper & easier • NOT better for _____ • Better for migraines Hypnosis • __________ state • Mesmer made famous • Multiple DFNS: – altered state of consciousness – trait of hypnotizability • Hypnotized people: – will perform minor feats – won’t hurt self or others Hypnosis Process • Relaxation • Told it will decrease pain (_______) • Induction = being placed under hypnosis (distraction) • Instructed to think of pain differently (reinterpretation) Hypnosis Outcomes • Surgery, childbirth, dental procedures, burns, headaches • Unclear: block pain OR _________ • NOT better for low suggestible pts • Better for high suggestible pts Acupuncture • DFN = long, thin needles inserted into body • China: anesthetic for surgery • Expectations – Decreases fear – Increases tolerance • Releases __________? (thus decreased pain) • Better for short-term pain Distraction • Other activity (e.g., pledge of allegiance, art/crafts) • ______________ • Better for short-term, low-level pain • Morphine – – – – Medication Tolerance ___________ Good for severe pain Poor for one who is chemically dependent • Local anesthetics to wounded area • Block transmission (e.g., spinal cord) • Brain (e.g., antidepressants) Surgery • Cut/disrupt body’s “pain fibers” – Periphery to spinal cord – Spinal cord to brain • ___________ (e.g., different neural pathways) • Damage nervous system > chronic pain