Transcript Chapter 11


Give out table to complete as we go through
powerpoint. Notes book will help


Athletes train to adapt their bodies to a particular sport/activity.
Training should be;

SAID Principle
S = Specific A = Adaptation I = Imposed D = Demands




◦ Specific to their sport
◦ Specific to the desired outcome as a result of adaptations.
Adaptation = “a long-term physiological change in response to
training loads that allows the body to meet new demands.
Stress on the body causes adaptations.
A plateau occurs when the training load is not sufficient to cause
stress.
Adaptations can be classified as acute and chronic;
◦ Acute – Immediate physiological response to exercise which last the
duration of the exercise session. Type of training not important.
◦ Chronic – Long-term changes that occur with training.
◦ In this chapter, we will focus on chronic changes.
•
Aerobic Training (to improve the efficiency of the
aerobic system to provide energy to the working
muscles and for the removal of wastes)
– Cardiovascular
– Respiratory
– Muscular
•
Anaerobic Training (training effects are mainly
seen in the muscular system. Improvements are
in anaerobic capacity –strength, power and
speed)
– Cardiovascular
– Muscular
Anaerobic training
methods
Aerobic training methods
Plyometrics or ballistic
stretching
Continuous
Weights/resistance
Fartlek
Interval
(short/intermediate)
Interval
Circuit (high work-rest
ratio)
Circuit (low work-rest
ratio)
Sprint
Flexibility
VCE Physical Education - Unit 4
•
Chronic adaptations which occur to the
structure and function of the heart, blood
vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries) and
the blood.
– a muscle which
responds by getting
bigger and stronger.
– Increase in size and
volume of left ventricle.
– Increase in Stroke
volume. (Q = HR x SV).
– With aerobic training
resting HR will
decrease.
– Improved HR recovery
post exercise
◦ an increase in capillaries that feed the heart. This
improves blood flow to the heart, delivering more
oxygen to the heart muscle to meet the energy
demands of the myocardium (heart muscle).
◦ Also an increased capillarisation to skeletal muscle.
Most evident in slow-twitch muscle fibres. The
larger the muscle fibre the greater the number of
capillaries around it.
◦ increases in plasma volume
◦ Increase in red blood cell volume of the blood,
therefore increasing overall blood volume.
◦ These increases occur within days of training,
however RBC increases take weeks. Increases of 2025% greater than an untrained person.
◦ Total amount of haemoglobin (oxygen-carrying
compound found in RBC’s)in blood increases with
aerobic training.





Aerobic training may reduce BP at rest and during
submaximal exercise, but not during maximal exercise.
Blood lactate concentration decreases with aerobic
training.
LIP – reflects the balance between lactate entry into and
removal from the blood.
LIP - The ability to sustain high-exercise intensities
without accumulating lactate is strongly related to
performance in endurance events.
With aerobic training endurance athletes become better
at clearing lactate because of an increase in oxidation
and gluconeogenisis (the production of glucose, mostly
in the liver, from amino acids, fats, lactate and other
non-carbohydrate substances.

Cardiovascular adaptations to AEROBIC
training:
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
Increase in size and volume of left ventricle
Increased capillarisation of heart muscle
Increased stroke volume
Decreased blood pressure
Decreased resting heart rate
Improved HR recovery post exercise
Increased blood volume and haemoglobin levels
Increased arteriovenus oxygen difference.

ACTIVITY – Complete table pg 299
ACTIVITY - TTT pg 302

Peak Performance

◦ MC 2, 6
◦ Go 2a

These adaptations allow for greater oxygen to
be taken in and used by the body.
◦ Increased lung ventilation during maximal
exercise
◦ Increased VO2MAX
◦ Increased alveoli surface area
◦ Increased LIP
Increased VO2 max – Due to;
Increase in cardiac output,
Increase in RBC numbers,
Increase in a-VO2 diff
Increase in muscle
capillarisation
Improved oxygen extraction.
VCE Physical Education - Unit 4

a-V02 difference = Arteriovenous oxygen
difference: “difference in oxygen consumption when comparing
that in the arterioles to the venules, and an indirect measure of how
much oxygen muscles are using”

An ↑in a-V02 difference results in
◦ More blood being pumped to active muscles (especially
slow-twitch)
◦ Muscle fibres better at extracting and processing oxygen
as a result of ↑’ed mitochondria numbers, more oxidative
enzymes and ↑’ed levels of myoglobin.
◦ All of this is due to the oxygen demands of the muscles
VCE Physical Education - Unit 4
a-V02 difference
12 mL/100mL
18 mL/100mL
VCE Physical Education - Unit 4
 Complete table pg 305
 TTT pg 305
 Peak Performance
 MC – 8
 WU - 3

Muscular adaptations are specific not only to
the training undertaken but also to the
muscle fibres within the muscle.
◦ Muscle Structure
 Contain both fast and slow muscle fibres.
 Aerobic training has an effect on both fibre types.
 Slow twitch increase aerobic capacity as a result of
aerobic training.
 Changes also occur in fast-twitch fibres, but to a lesser
extent.
 Slow twitch fibres increase in size (hypertrophy) as a result
of aerobic training, due to increased capillarisation.
◦ a-vO2 diff (arteriovenous oxygen difference)
a measure of the amount of oxygen the
working muscles are using. The difference
in the oxygen concentration in the
arterioles compared to the venules, after
passing through the muscle.
 Increased diffusion, to the working
muscles, combined with the increase
capacity of the muscles to extract and
process oxygen leads to an increase in the
a-vO2 diff of the working muscles.

◦ Myoglobin and mitochondria
 Myoglobin content in slow-twitch fibres increases
as a result of aerobic training.
 Myoglobin_______________________________________
____________________________________________
 Mitochondria____________________________________
_____________________________________________
 Increased myoglobin levels increase available
oxygen for aerobic respiration.
 Mitochondria increase in size, number and surface
area, enhancing the capacity of the muscle to
produce energy ATP aerobically.
 Increase in mitochondria increases the oxidative
enzymes that allow endurance athletes to work at
higher percentages of their VO2 max without
accumulating blood lactate.
◦ Oxidation of Fats
 Three factors that result from aerobic training and
increase the ability of the muscles to oxidise fats are
 An increase in intramuscular triglycerides.
 An increase in free-fatty acids.
 An increase in oxidative enzymes.
- An increase in oxidation of fat at
submaximal intensities is beneficial to endurance
athletes as it allows them to conserve glycogen
stores.
- The glycogen sparing occurs because of
the release of fatty acids
◦ Oxidation of glycogen
 Aerobic training increases the ability of the
skeletal muscle to oxidise glycogen
 The adaptations that cause an increase in the
energy-generating capacity of the muscle are;
 An increase in number, size, and surface
area of the the mitochondria
 An increase in enzyme activity and
concentration
 An increase in muscle glycogen stores.
 Refer to table 11.5 p. 309 text






Increased oxygen utilisation (a-VO2 Diff)
Increased capillarisation of skeletal muscle
Increased muscle fuel stores
Increased oxidation of glucose and fats
Decreased use of lactic acid system
Muscle fibre type changes
VCE Physical Education - Unit 4

Other changes as a result of aerobic training
(physiological and psychological)
 Body composition (physiological)
 Decrease body fat
 Increase fat free mass





Psychological benefits
Decrease anxiety
Decrease depression
Increase self-esteem, mood and self concept
Decrease stress levels

Peak Performance
◦ MC – 10
◦ WU – 1, 6, 9
◦ T – 4, 5

OVERALL AEROBIC
◦ WU – 2, 5, 10
◦ T – 6, 8, 10
◦ GO – 2B and C


Effects are mainly in the muscular system,
and some changes in CV system, and
negligible changes in the respiratory system.
Development of ATP-PC and Anaerobic
Glycolysis energy systems.


Anaerobic training increases the capacity of
the ATP-PC and Anaerobic Glycolysis energy
systems
Changes in skeletal muscle include:
◦
◦
◦
◦
increased energy substrate levels
Increased enzyme activity
Increased glycolytic capacity
Most dramatic increases occur in the fast-twitch
fibres.


Anaerobic training increases muscular stores
of ATP, PC and glycogen
Having more fuel available, reduces reliance
on anaerobic and aerobic glycolysis. (the rate
of ATP production is slower, which reduces
the rate of energy output.



ATPase is the enzyme that breaks down ATP
to ADP.
Anaerobic training increases the quantity and
activity of the enzymes.
Combines with increased stored energy
substrates, increased enzyme activity
increases the turn over of ATP, leading to a
more rapid release of energy.

Due to an increase in glycogen stores and
glycolytic enzymes, glycogen can be broken
down into LA faster. Therefore ATP is
increased. Leading to increased performance
in activities that rely on the Anaerobic
Glycolysis system. E.g. 400m race
•
•
•
•
•
•
Skeletal muscle will adapt to stress by increasing in size
and improving function.
Resistance training will increase in strength and
hypertrophy (increase in size).
If they are not used they will decrease in size (atrophy)
Physiological adaptations occur within the muscle and
within the nervous system (neural adaptations).
Neural Adaptations – enhance the effectiveness of
muscular co-ordination.
Hypertrophy – increase the force generating capacity of
the muscle. Changes in muscle fibres include:
– Increased number and size of the myofibrils
– Increased contractile proteins
– Increased size and strength of connective tissue.




Left ventricle thickens
Systolic function (contraction) of the left
ventricle may increase but the volume is
unchanged.
Blood can be ejected more forcefully
from L ventricle but stroke volume will
remain unchanged.
Anaerobic trained athletes can have a
lower BP at rest and submaximal
exercise compared to untrained
individuals.








Muscle hypertrophy
Increased stores of ATP and PC
Increased glycolytic capacity
Cardiac hypertrophy
Increased size of tendons and ligaments
Increase number of motor units
Increase in speed of nerve impulse
transmission
Increased speed of muscular contraction

ANAEROBIC ADAPTATIONS
◦ MC – 5, 7, 9
◦ WU 8

Complete Peak Performance
◦ MC – 1, 3, 4
◦ T – 1, 3, 7, 9

CHRONIC ADAPTATIONS TO TRAINING
PRACTICE QUESTIONS