Transcript Figure 40.4 Three kinds of vertebrate muscle

Unit 18 (Ch. 14) Support & Movement
What’s another word for movement?
Which two systems work together to allow support & movement?
The Role of the Skeleton
• What are the functions
of the skeletal system?
– support the body
– protect organs
– aid in movement
• provides attachment site
for muscles
Bone Structure
• Is bone living?
– Yes, even though it’s hard & made of minerals,
bone IS a LIVING tissue that grows.
• Think about it… are you the same height as you were
when you were… a baby? …a young child? …last year?
Bone Structure
• What types of tissue make up
the skeletal system?
– cartilage
– bone
•
•
•
•
compact (solid) bone
spongy bone
membrane (periosteum)
marrow
– ligaments
Bone Structure
• What is cartilage?
– A tough, flexible tissue that doesn’t store calcium,
so it is less dense than bone.
• Where is cartilage found?
– mostly at the ends of bone
• Why?
– acts as a cushion for joints
Bone Structure
• What types of tissues are
found in bone?
– compact (solid) bone
• hard part of bone
– very strong b/c stores calcium
• usually found along outer edges
– spongy bone
• has many empty spaces
• usually found near end of bones
– membrane (periosteum)
• covers bone
• contains nerves & blood vessels
– marrow
• soft center in bone
• makes blood cells
Interactive Bone Diagram
Bone Structure
• What are ligaments?
– connective tissue that holds bones to other bones
• What is a joint?
– where bones
come together
• What allows
joints to move
smoothly?
– cartilage
covering the
end of the
bones
– fluid-filled bags
between
cartilage & bone
Joints
fixed
joint
Joints
gliding joint
• types
– fixed
– movable
1.
2.
3.
4.
Classification
of Joints
Animation
ball & socket
hinge
pivot
gliding
Fixed Joints
• Are not connected by ligaments.
– Do they move?
• no
– What is an example?
• skull
Movable Joints
• 1. ball & socket
– In which direction(s) does it move?
• rotate, front-back, side-side
– most mobility of all joints
– What are examples?
• hip, shoulder
Movable Joints
• 2. hinge
– In which direction(s) does it move?
• open-closed (only in 1 direction)
– like a door
– What are examples?
• elbow, knee
• 3. pivot
Movable Joints
– In which direction(s)
does it move?
• twists/rotates
– like a door knob
– What are examples?
• skull w/ vertebrae,
lower arm
• 4. gliding
Movable Joints
– In which direction(s) does it move?
• slides back-forth, side-side
– What are examples?
• vertebrae (back), wrist, ankle
The Role of Muscles
• What is the
muscular system?
– all muscles in
the body
• What is the
function of the
muscular system?
– movement
• What is a muscle?
– tissue that can
change shape &
length
Human Muscles Types
• What are the 3
different muscle
types in humans?
– skeletal (a.k.a.
striated)
– smooth
– cardiac
• Each has a
different
structure, pattern,
job, & location in
the body.
Human Muscles Types
• 1. skeletal (striated)
– What do the cells look like?
• long fibers
• dark & light stripes (striations)
– Where are they typically found?
• most of the body
• attached to skeleton
– What is their function?
• move bones of the skeleton
– Are their movements voluntary
or involuntary?
• voluntary
Human Muscles Types
• 2. smooth
– What do the cells look like?
• tapered (thin ends, thick center)
• no stripes (no striations)
– Where are they typically found?
• digestive tract, respiratory tract,
blood vessels, other organs
– What is their function?
• regulate activity of organs or vessels
– Are their movements voluntary or
involuntary?
• voluntary
Human Muscles Types
• 3. cardiac
– What do the cells look like?
• long fibers that branch & weave
together
• dark & light stripes (striations)
– Where are they typically found?
• ONLY in heart
– What is their function?
• contracts rhythmically pump blood
out of heart
– Are their movements voluntary
or involuntary?
• involuntary
Muscle Types in the Body
Striated
(skeletal)
Cardiac
Smooth
Appearance
of cells?
Striped
(striated)
Striped
(striated) &
branched
Tapered
(thin ends, thick center);
no stripes (not striated)
Where
typically
found?
Attached to
skeleton
(ex. legs/
arms)
heart
digestive system, respiratory
system, blood vessels
Function?
movement
pump blood
from heart
to arteries
peristalsis, regulate activity
of organs or diameter or
vessels
Voluntary or
involuntary?
voluntary
involuntary
involuntary
How Muscles Work
• What are tendons?
– connective tissue that holds muscles to bones
• must be attached to bones at 2 points
– at opposite ends of the muscle
How Muscles Work
• How do muscles work?
– by changing their length
• How does it do this?
– muscle fibers contract (or relax)
» cannot lengthen
– So, skeletal muscles must work
in opposing pairs.
» flexors
» extensors
Muscles Work in Pairs
• What does a flexor do when it contracts?
– bends the joint
– Examples of flexors?
•Animation of Muscles Working in Pairs
•Muscles Contracting in Pairs
• biceps, hamstring (back of thigh)
flexor
extensor
Muscles Work in Pairs
• What does an extensor do when it contracts?
– straightens the joint
– Examples of extensors?
•Animation of Muscles Working in Pairs
•Muscles Contracting in Pairs
• triceps, quadriceps (front of thigh)
flexor
extensor