Transcript Human Positions and Posture

Human Positions and Posture
Mazyad Aloatibi
Human Positions and Posture
• The position in which the parts of your body are hold
upright against gravity while standing, sitting, or lying down
is called posture.
• Your posture constantly changes depending on the activity,
but no matter what you are doing, you must keep holding
and moving your body in a balanced and efficient way, that
is called good posture
• To gain good posture you must training your muscles,
bones, and joints to stand, walk, sit, and lie with least strain
and effort.
Proper Posture
To achieve proper posture:
1- Keeps correct alignment of bones
and joints to
help muscles used properly.
2- Decrease the abnormal wearing of
joint surfaces
that could result in arthritis by
proper alignment.
Proper Posture
3- Decreases the stress on the ligaments holding the
joints of the back.
4- Prevents the spine from becoming fixed in abnormal positions.
5- Prevents fatigue because muscles are being used more
efficiently, allowing the body to use less energy.
6- Prevents strain or overuse problems.
7- Prevents backache and muscular pain.
Factors Affect Posture
There are some factors contribute to bad posture as:
• OBESITY
• PREGNANCY
• muscle weakness.
• use high-heeled shoes
.
•
Factors Affect Posture
 shortening of muscles.
 decrease flexibility and ignorance of good posture.
Starting Positions
• Also called fundamental positions.
• They are five positions.
1- Standing position.
2- Kneeling position.
3- Sitting position.
4- Lying position.
5- Hanging position.
1- Standing
• it is the most difficult position to maintain because the
body is balanced and stabilized on a small base which
needs coordination work of many muscle groups.
Correct Standing Position
1- The heels are on ground with angle
not exceed 45°.
2- Keep your knee straight but not
locked.
3- The hips are in extension and
slightly rotated laterally.
4- The pelvic is balanced on the
femoral head.
5- The spine is stretched to its
maximum length and stomach flat.
Correct Standing Position
• 6- The head is hold up straight with chin
in. do not tilt your head forward,
backward, or sideways.
• 7- Keep your shoulder blades
back.
• 8- The arms are hanged loosely to the
sides, palms facing sides of the body.
• 9- Your weight should be evenly
distributed on both legs.
2- KNEELING
• The body is supported on the knees which may be together or
slightly apart.
• 1- The lower leg rests on the floor with the feet planter flexed.
• 2- The feet may be in the mid position over the edge of the plinth.
2- KNEELING
• Effect: uncomfortable
position for most people
due to difficult balance.
• Uses: as starting position
for backward movements.
3- SITTING
• the position is taken on
chair or stool.
• 1- It is preferable to leave
2 or 3 inches of space
between the back of your
knees and the edge of the
seat.
3- SITTING
• 2- The height and width of
seat must allow the thighs to
be fully supported.
• 3- The hips and knees are
flexed to right angle.
• 4- The knees are apart and feet
rest on the floor.
• 5- Your weight should be
evenly distributed on both
buttocks.
3- SITTING
• Effect: comfortable,
natural, and very stable
position.
• Uses: for many nonweight bearing knee
and foot exercises.
4- LYING
• This is the easiest
position as the body can
completely supported in
the supine position and
as stable as possible.
4- LYING
• Effect:
• The alignment of the body is as
in standing.
• Breathing is impeded slightly by
pressure on the posterior aspect
of thorax and the pressure of the
abdominal viscera on the under
surface of the diaphragm is
increased.
• Uses: it is suitable for many
exercises.
5- HANGING
• The body is suspended
by grasping over
horizontal bar.
• The arms straight & at
least shoulder width
apart and forearm being
pronated.
5- HANGING
• - The head is held high
and the scapulae are
drowning down together.
• - The legs and trunk hang
straight with the heels
together and the ankle
planter flexed.
• Uses: it is suitable for
athletic persons with high
muscle strength.
Derived Positions
• Derived positions are positions used by modification of
the arms, legs or trunk in each of fundamental position.
The aims of derived positions are:
1- To increase or decrease the base of support.
2- To rise or lower the center of gravity (COG).
3- To gain local or general relaxation.
4- To gain fixation and good control of specific area.
5- To increase or decrease the muscle work required to
maintain the position.
6- To increase or decrease the leverage.
I- Positions derived from standing
A- By alteration of the
arms.
• 1- Wing standing:
• Hands rest on the iliac
crest, fingers extended
and adducted, thumbs
abducted posterior.
•
Uses: grasp patient
during exercises.
2- Bend standing
The shoulders are laterally rotated
and adducted strongly, the elbows are
flexed and the forearms are supinated
with wrists and fingers flexed to rest
above the lateral border of acromion
process.
2- Bend standing
• Effect: suitable position for
subjects with weakness of
shoulders abductors (as arm
lever is reduced).
Uses:
• Used in trunk exercises as
corrective position for upper
back and thorax.
3- Reach Standing
• The shoulders are flexed
and the elbows are
extended, arms are
parallel in the same
shoulder width.
3- Reach Standing
Effect:
The forward raising of the arms
brings the center of gravity of the body forward
and leading to extension of the lumber spine.
Uses:
•Prior to some arm and trunk exercises in the
sagittal plane.
•Assist balance during balance walking
sideways.
4- Yard Standing
• The arms are straight and elevated
sideways to horizontal position.
• Effect:
This position has a mechanical
disadvantage, an increase of the lever.
The abductors of the shoulder work at
a marked mechanical disadvantage as
the length of the weight arm of the
lever so greatly exceeds that of the
power of the arm.
4- Yard Standing
Uses:
1- Corrective for the posture of the upper
back
2- Facilitates body balance
3- Convenient for the arm swinging
exercises
4- The body is steadied for the leg and
trunk exercises when one arm only is used
or
when the hand grasps a support at a
suitable height (1/2 yd.st.)
4- Yard Standing
• 5- When palms are turned
forwards (yd.palms f.st.) or
upwards (yd.palms u.st.) the
latter involving an additional
lateral rotation at the shoulder
joint with consequent further
bracing of the upper back
muscles
5- Stretch Standing
• The arms are fully elevated
so that they are in line with
the body, parallel to each
other and with palms
facing forward.
5- Stretch Standing
• Effect:
• Stretched shortened muscles
like pectoralis major, minor
and latissimus dorsi. Leading
to difficulty in respiration and
impede arm circulation by
gravity.
5- Stretch Standing
• Uses:
• It is unsuitable for weak
patients or those who suffer
from respiratory condition.
• It is strongly corrective for
the position of the upper
back and gives a feeling of
stretching the spine.
5- Stretch Standing
3- Elevation of the arms raises the
center of gravity of the body and
affords additional leverage in
many trunk exercises.
4- The hands may grasp some overhead support (str.gr.st) or the
finger may be clasped
(str.clasp.st.).
5- Useful to treat scoliosis.
Derived position from standing
B) By alteration of the legs
Achieved by change in the shaper size of the base.
1- Toe standing.
2- Stride standing.
3- Walk standing.
4- Half standing.
1- Toe standing
• The heels are pressed together and raised from the
floor.
• Effect:
• The base is reduced and the center of gravity is
raised.
Toe Standing
• Uses:
• It is used as a balance position.
• There is a tendency for the whole body to stretch
so it is used as treatment for postural flat feet and
posture training generally.
2- Stride standing
• The legs are abducted and the heels are
apart and remain in 45°.
• Effect:
• Large base lead to easy and stable
position.
• Uses:
• Used as starting easy position for many
exercises.
3- Walk standing
• One leg is placed forward to the same line of the other
leg.
• Effect:
• The base is much enlarged in the antro-posterior
direction stabilizing the body for exercises in a sagittal
plane. Rotation of the pelvis towards the side of the
forward leg is prevented by the position of the back leg.
• Uses:
1- Localize rotation of the spine.
2- Tension on the hamstrings of the forward leg prevents
forward tilting of the pelvis in trunk flexion exercises.
4- Half standing
The whole weight of the body is
supported on one leg, the other may be
free or supported in a variety of the
positions.
• Effects:
Balance is very difficult with one leg.
The free leg can rest in many positions
like stool with flexed hip and knee (step
st.). This position reflexes the tension of
the abdominal operations.
4- Half standing
• Uses:
Increase tension of the hamstring of the lower
leg and straightening of the lumbar spine.
Standing with trunk alteration
• 1- Stoop standing.
• 2- Lax stoop standing.
1- Stoop Standing
• The hip joints are flexed while the
trunk, head and arms remain in
alignment and are inclined forwards.
The angles to which the trunk is
inclined is usually about a right angle
but depends on the tension of the
hamstring which controls the forward
tilting of the pelvis when the knees are
straight.
1- Stoop Standing
• Effects and Uses:
• Can be used as strength position for
neck and back muscles.
• Training for good posture of upper
back muscles.
• Very difficult but gives good results.
2- Lax Stoop Standing
• The hips are flexed and the
trunk, head and arms are
relaxed so that they hang
forwards and downwards.
Balance is maintained by a
slight plantar flexion at the
ankle joints, causing a
backward inclination of the
leg.
2- Lax Stoop Standing
• Effect:
The amount of forward flexion is
dictated by tension which develops
in the hamstring and lumbar
muscles.
2- Lax Stoop Standing
•
•
•
•
•
Uses:
1- As a position for test hamstring muscle tension.
2- To train local relaxation of the upper body.
3- To assist expiration.
4- It is used prior to extension exercises of hips and
spine, particularly those which occur progressively,
as in uncurling to the upright position.
2- Lax Stoop Standing
• 5- The position is unsuitable for weak or elderly patients as
the dependent position of the body causes an increased blood
flow to the head which may be followed by depletion on
rising to the upright position and consequent feeling of
giddiness.
• 6- When the knees are allowed to bend in the position
(lax.stp.k.bd.st.), tension on the hamstring and lumbar
muscles is reduced, giving a feeling of relaxation right
through the body.
B- position Derived from Kneeling
• The positions of the arms are the same as in the
standing and may be added to the kneeling
position as required.
1- Half Kneeling
• One knee supports most of the
weight and other leg is bent to
a right angle at hip, knee and
ankle so that the foot is
supported on the ground in a
forward direction.
1- Half Kneeling
• Effect and Uses:
• The position is similar to the step
standing and may be modified by
stretching the forward leg in a
sideways direction . The pelvis is
well fixed in the position for trunk
side bending and rotation exercises.
2- Kneel Sitting
• The knees and hips are
flexed so that patient sits
on his heels.
• Uses:
• Sometimes used for
small children, but most
people find it very
uncomfortable.
3- Prone Kneeling
• The trunk is horizontal, supported under the
shoulders by the arms, and at the pelvis by the
thighs, which must be held vertical. The head is
held in line with the trunk.
3- Prone Kneeling
• Effect and Uses:
•
The position is stable, comfortable and suitable for
many trunk and head exercises. The pelvis is free for
antro-posterior and lateral movement, but fixed rotation.
The body may be inclined forwards and downwards by
abducting the shoulders and bending the elbows
(incl.pr.kn.), this expands the thorax and localizes lateral
flexion to the thoracic region.
3- Prone Kneeling
• Alternatively, the forearms may rest on the floor
with hands together and the head resting on them;
in this way weakened pelvic floor can be relieved
of the weight of the viscera or the uterus may be
assisted by gravity into the normal position.
Positions Derived from Sitting
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1- Stride sitting.
2- Ride Sitting.
3-Crook Sitting.
4- Long sitting.
5- Cross Sitting
6- Side sitting.
7- High sitting.
1- Stride Sitting
• This is exactly similar to the
fundamental position, except that
the legs are abducted so that the
feet are two foot-length apart.
• Effect:
• It increases the stability of the
position, especially if the feet are
pressed to the floor.
1- Ride Sitting
• The patient sits astride apparatus, such as
gymnastic form, which may be gripped between
the knees by the abductor muscles of the hips,
making it a very steady position for head, arm and
trunk exercises.
1- Ride Sitting
• When the position is taken on a high plinth (high
ride sitt), the thighs may be strapped to the plinth
to afford additional fixation, in which case no
muscle work is required in legs.
3- Crook Sitting
• When sitting on floor, the knees are bent so that
the feet are together and flat on the floor. The
knees may be together or apart.
3- Crook Sitting
• Uses:
• Used in treatment of kyphosis as the movement
can be localized to the upper trunk.
• Increases the strength of back extensors.
4- Long Sitting
• This is similar to the
previous position, but the
knees are extended so that
the whole leg is supported.
• Effect:
• It leads to increase tension of
hamstring.
• Uses:
• Position is difficult due to
instability.
5- Cross Sitting
• This is also similar to crook sitting, but
the ankles are crossed and the hips
strongly abducted and laterally rotated,
so that the lateral aspect of the knees is
pressed to the floor. Tension on the
hamstring muscle is reduced but the
adductors of the hip are stretched.
5- Cross Sitting
• Uses:
•
It is suitable for children during head, arm
and trunk exercises as the pelvis is fixed and
stable.
6- Side Sitting
• For the left side sitting the left leg remains as in
cross sitting and this hip supports the main weight
of the trunk, while the right leg is abducted and
medially rotated so that the lower leg is bent and
to the side. The pelvis is tilted laterally to the left,
and the lumbar side flexors on the right side work
to keep the trunk upright.
6- Side Sitting
• Uses:
•
To increase lateral mobility of the lumbar
spine or the fixation in the side bend position
when treating scoliosis.
7- High Sitting
• The fundamental sitting position is
taken on a high plinth or table but
the feet remain unsupported.
• Uses:
• It is convenient some foot and knee
exercise.
D- Position Derived from Lying
• The same as in the standing position, the muscle
work, is modified and usually reduced by the
horizontal positions of the body.
1- Crook Lying
• From lying, the hip and knees are bent so that the
feet rest on the floor or plinth. Very little muscle
work is required apart from that of the abductors
and medial rotation of the hips to prevent the
knees from falling apart.
1- Crook Lying
• Tension is removed from the structure anterior to
the hip joint so that the pelvis rolls backward and
the lumbar spine is relaxed on to the supporting
surface.
• Uses:
1- To train relaxation and posture.
2- In pelvic and back exercises.
2- Crook Lying with Pelvis Lifted
• From the previous position, the pelvis is elevated
so that the trunk rests on the shoulders and is
brought into line with the thighs. A firm pillow
may be used to support the buttocks, or the
extensors of the hips may work to hold the
position.
2- Crook Lying with Pelvis Lifted
• Effect:
• Pressure of the viscera on the pelvis
floor is relieved by the gravity as the
weight of the viscera is directed
backwards and upwards towards the
diaphragm; because of this,
breathing may be hampered slightly.
• Uses:
• After childbirth for strengthening
pelvic labor muscles.
3- Half Lying
• The trunk is supported in the oblique position by
inclination of the long end of the plinth, or by the
arrangements of the pillows, in which the legs are
supported horizontally. It is important to see that
the trunk is in an alignment to avoid slumping and
so, impeding respiration.
3- Half Lying
• Effect:
• The knees may be bent to increase relaxation of the
abdominal wall (crk.1/2 ly.), or the lower leg may hang
over the end of the plinth with feet resting on the floor.
• Uses:
1- It is much used forward exercises.
2- Relaxed and comfortable position for weak and elderly
people.
3- Breathing is easier than in lying, so it is used in many
chest conditions.
4- Prone Lying
• Lying facing downwards, the body is fully
supported anteriorly on the plinth or the floor. The
position may be active or relaxed.
4- Prone Lying
• The active position:
•
When this is used as a static holding for
posture training or prior to exercise, the head is
slightly raised from the supporting surface and the
shoulders are drawn down and backwards, the
heels being held together and the toes are
stretched.
4- Prone Lying
• Uses:
• Unsuitable for heart and respiratory diseased
patients as breathing is so restrict.
• Used as corrective position for spine.
• May be comfortable for young and slim people.
5- Leg Prone Lying
• This is taken on a high plinth, with legs being
supported from the anterior superior spins to feet
and stabilized by straps. The body is held in line
with legs and is unsupported over the end of the
plinth. A stool is in position under the trunk to
afford support by the arms in the resting position.
5- Leg Prone Lying
• Effect and Uses:
1- Care must be taken in this case to see that the
fixation of the feet is firm and that it is maintained
until the body is supported on the arms for the
resting position.
2- Corrective position for the trunk, needs strong
arms, head and back muscles.
6- Side Lying
• Details of this position are very considerably
according to the purpose for which it is to be
used.
6- Side Lying
1- Using the under arm to support
the head. It is an unsteady
position used sometimes for
strong trunk side bending
exercises.
6- Side Lying
2- Alternatively the shoulders may
be stabilized by support from the
upper arm resting on the ground
or plinth in front, the legs being
free for movement. When the
under hip and knee are fully
flexed the pelvis is relatively
well-fixed, so that movements of
flexion and extension can be
localized to the hip joint of the
uppermost leg.
6- Side Lying
• 3- An ideal position for relaxation
for many people is provided by
adapting. Three pillows are
required, one for the head, one for
the uppermost arm and one to
support leg which is bent.
• 4- Used in sling exercises.
7- Sit Lying
• The patient lies supine with the knees bent and the
lower leg hanging vertically over the end of the
plinth. There is a tendency for the lumbar region
to extend owing to tension of the hip flexors.
7- Sit Lying
• Uses:
•
It is a difficult position due to hyperlordosis
of the lumbar region.
E- Position Derived from Hanging
• Full Hanging
• The body is supported in the oblique position by
the arms which grasp a horizontal bar, and by the
feet while the rest of the body is inclined and
straight.
E- Position Derived from Hanging
• Effect and Uses:
• The position requires very strong
muscle work for the back muscle,
especially the scapulae retractors,
which work against gravity and the
weight of the body.