Transcript KNR 205: Scientific Principles of Coaching

KNR 205: Scientific
Principles of Coaching
Introduction
General course stuff
 This is a new course...first for me, first for you, first
for the school
 It is designed for athletic coaching minors, but
available to KNR majors
 Have you had any of these...
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181 (A&P), 240 (Fitness), 280 (Ex. Phys.), 282
(biomechanics)?
If so, you’ll be duplicating information you’ve already
covered.
This course was designed to cover aspects of all those
courses, as well as 254 and 257, so that it would
function as a general intro to kinesiology for minors
General course stuff
 Consequences for course organization
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A lot of material
Broad and shallow approach
Focusing on “getting the idea” of a number of
areas
Assessments that survey basic familiarity
rather than mastery
General course stuff
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To do this week...
1.
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4.
Go to the web site (www.cast.ilstu/smith) and
download the syllabus. Read it. Submit the on-line
quiz by Wednesday 24th at 9am.
On the 24th, bring a photo of yourself with your
name printed legibly on the back, so that I can
learn your names. No photocopies. You will get
these back later in the semester.
Download the first slides and print them up. You
should be able to print multiple slides per page – I
recommend 3 slides a page
Read chapters 1 & 2 and answer the online quiz on
chapter 2 by Friday 26th
Chapter 1: Introduction
 We’re going to skim this and get into the
nitty gritty of chapter 2 ASAP
 As this course is designed as the survey
course for the coaching minor, it makes
sense to read about the discipline a little
first.
 The best summary I can see in the text is on
page 4, figure 1.1
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As you can see, it’s busy. There’s a lot of
stuff, and a lot of influences
Or, as we call it, kinesiology
Part One: Anatomical
Bases of Human
Movement
Functional Anatomy
General intro...
 Again, we’ll skim this introduction so we can get to
the meat of chapter 2.
 Functional anatomy is essentially about the
structure and function of the human body
 Can be from a number of levels of analysis
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Subcellular
Tissues
Organs
 The key point is that we are interested in the
relationship between body structure and body
function at whatever level of analysis we study
Chapter 2
Basic Concepts of the Musculoskeletal
System
Objective (from syllabus)
 To understand key concepts related to the
structure and function of the skeletal,
articular (joint) and muscular systems
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You’ll find I stick very closely to the book
throughout (like a drowning man clutching
driftwood)
I see my role as a facilitator, whose job it is
to simply relate and explain the content of
the text to you
As such, I need you to simply point out
where I’m not being clear
Tools for Measurement
 Bone density:
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radiology
 Bone structure:
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chemical preparation
 Movement:
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goniometry (joint motion)
dynamometers (muscle force)
The skeletal system
 Functions
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Mechanical
Physiological
 Bone composition
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Mechanical properties
Types of bone
 Architecture of bone
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Shape and organization
Architecture of long bones
The articular system
 Classification of joints
 Features of synovial joints
 Classification of synovial joints
 Range of movements allowed by synovial
joints
 Joint protection, lubrication, and wear
 The joint as the functional unit of the
skeletal system
The muscular system
 Structure
 Association of muscles with other structures
 Structural features of muscle
 Distinguishing properties
 Muscle contractions
 Mechanics of muscular action
 Types of contraction
 Explaining joint actions
 Limitations on range of joint motion
 Determinants of strength
Chapter 3
Basic Concepts of Anthropometry
Objective (from syllabus)
 To understand the relationship between
human body size, shape and composition,
and movement capability
Anthropometry
 Tools for measurement
 Body size
 Determination of body shape
 Tissues composing the body
 Somatotyping
 Human variation
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In the musculoskeletal system
In physical dimensions
Chapter 4
Musculoskeletal changes across the life
span
Objective from syllabus
 To summarize how concepts related to the
musculoskeletal system and anthropometry
are affected by growth and maturation
Auxology and gerontology defined
 Auxology
 Gerontology
 Tools for measurement
Changes across the lifespan
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Physical growth, maturation, and aging
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Age-related changes in the skeletal and articular systems
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Stages in development of bone
Growth of length and width of bone
Skeletal composition changes across the life span
Osteoporosis
Bone failure in relation to bone development, age or activity
Effect of various factors on range of motion
Age-related changes in the muscular system
Change in body dimensions across the life span
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Embryological development
The postnatal years
Combining size measurements to provide information about shape
Secular trend in body dimensions
Growth rates of body segments
Growth rates of body tissues
Sexual dimorphism in growth
Somatotype changes during growth, maturation, and aging
Methods of determining age
Chapter 5
Musculoskeletal adaptations to training
Objective from syllabus
 To summarize how concepts related to the
musculoskeletal system and anthropometry
adapt to physical activity
Musculoskeletal adaptations to
training
 Effects of physical activity on bone
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Effects of activity level on bone
Effects of activity type on bone
Bone repair and physical activity
 Effects of physical activity on joint structure and ranges of motion
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Synovial fluid, articular cartilage, and ligaments
Degenerative joint disease and exercise
 Effects of physical activity on muscle-tendon units
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Flexibility
Strength
Tendon adaptation
 Effects of physical activity on body size, shape, and composition
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Role of lifestyle factors in determining physique
Relationship of body sizes and types to sports
Part Two: Mechanical
Bases of Human
Movement
Biomechanics
About biomechanics...
 The use of mechanics to quantitatively
analyze movement
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Of a healthy person
Of injured people
Of people at different stages of training
Of people at different stages of maturation,
growth, and aging
Chapter 6
Kinetics and Kinematics
Objective from syllabus
 To understand how vectors may be used to
describe forces and motion in human
activity
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The motion bit is kinematics, the forces
(giving rise to motion) is kinetics
Kinematics and Kinetics
 Vectors
 Motion
 Motion of a particle
 Angular motion of a rigid body
 Motion of a point on a rigid body
 Degrees of freedom
 Force
 Internal and external forces
 Free body diagram
 Moment of force
 Equilibrium
 Computer modeling of movement
Chapter 7
Energetics
Objective from syllabus
 To describe the role that kinetic energy,
potential energy, and elastic energy play in
human movement
Energetics
 Energy and power
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Kinetic energy
Potential energy
Total mechanical energy
Power
Elastic strain energy
 Metabolic energy consumption
 Efficiency of movement
Chapter 8
Biomechanics across the life span
Objective from syllabus
 To understand how the aging process
affects the biomechanics of movement
Biomechanics across the life span
 Using gait as the conduit...
 Biomechanics of normal walking
 Kinematics of normal gait
 Muscle actions during normal gait
 Gait development in children
 Gait changes in older adults
 Changes in gait kinematics
 Causes of gait changes in aging
 Metabolic cost of walking in older adults
 Exercise and aging
Chapter 9
Biomechanical adaptations to training
Objective from syllabus
 To summarize the typical biomechanical
adaptations to training (natch)
Biomechanical adaptations to
training
 Muscular adaptations to training
 Neuromuscular adaptations to training
 Training to prevent anterior cruciate ligament injury
 Evaluating the effectiveness of injury prevention
training
 Biomechanical adaptations to injury
 Dependence of motor performance on changes in
muscle properties
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Using computer modeling to study vertical jumping
performance
 Insights into the effects of training provided by
computer models
Part III: Physiological
Bases of Human
Movement
Exercise Physiology
About exercise physiology...
 How does the body’s functioning respond to
exercise?
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Answers come from...
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Physiology
Biochemistry
Nutrition
Endocrinology
Histology
Cell and molecular biology
Application – see diagram on p. 120
Chapter 10
Basic concepts of exercise metabolism
Objective from syllabus
 To summarize basic concepts of exercise
metabolism
Exercise metabolism
 Production of energy for exercise
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Production of ATP
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The immediate energy system
The anaerobic glycolytic system
The oxidative system
The 3 energy systems as a continuum
The fueling of ATP by fats, proteins, and
carbohydrates
Lactic acid – friend or foe?
Exercise metabolism
 Oxygen supply during sustained exercise
 VO2 max as an indicator of endurance exercise
capacity
 Measurement of exercise capacity
 Aerobic or endurance exercise capacity
 Anaerobic exercise capacity
 Why measure exercise capacity?
 The cardiorespiratory system and oxygen supply
during exercise
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Cardiovascular response to exercise
Distribution of blood flow during exercise
Exercise metabolism
 Human skeletal muscle cells
 Muscle fiber types
 Muscle fiber type and exercise capacity
 Activation of fiber types during exercise
 Skeletal muscle “fiber typing”
 Importance of muscle fiber type to sport
performance
 Energy cost of activity
 Importance of diet to energy metabolism and
exercise performance
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Why athletes need a high carbohydrate diet
Do athletes need extra protein?
Importance of replacing water lost during exercise
Chapter 11
Physiological adaptations to training
Objective from syllabus
 To summarize how training can affect the
capacity to perform work
Physiological adaptations to
training
 Training-induced metabolic adaptations
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Factors limiting exercise performance
Immediate and anaerobic system changes
after strength and sprint training
Changes in aerobic metabolism after
endurance training
Physiological adaptations to
training
 Endurance training-induced changes in the
cardiorespiratory system
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Oxygen consumption
Heart rate
Stroke volume
Cardiac output
Oxygen extraction
Blood composition
Endurance training-induced respiratory changes
Endurance training induced changes in the lactate
threshold
Physiological adaptations to
training
 Muscular system changes after strength
training
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Muscular strength
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Muscle hypertrophy
Metabolic adaptations
Neural adaptations
Muscular power and endurance
Training and muscle fiber number or type
Physiological adaptations to
training
 Basic principles of training
 Specificity
 Training variables
 Overload
 Individualization
 Reversibility
 Periodization
 Overtraining
 Continuous and interval training
 Continuous training
 Interval training
Physiological adaptations to
training
 Training for cardiovascular endurance
 Methods of strength training
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Types of muscle contractions
Types of strength training
Training to improve muscular strength and endurance and to induce
hypertrophy
The role of eccentric muscle actions in strength training
 Causes of muscle soreness
 Exercise for health-related fitness
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ACSM and USSG exercise guideline summaries
Explaining the summaries
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Types of recommended exercise
Intensity of exercise
Duration of exercise
Frequency of exercise
Resistance exercise
Chapter 12
Physiological capacity and performance
across the life span
Objective from syllabus
 To describe changes in exercise capacity
and performance across the life span
Physiological capacity and
performance across the life span
 Responses to exercise in children
 Metabolic response to exercise in children
 Aerobic capacity in children
 Anaerobic exercise capacity in children
 Cardiorespiratory responses to exercise in children
 Thermoregulatory response to exercise in children
 Muscular strength in children
 Adaptations to exercise training in children
 Aerobic and anaerobic training in children
 Strength training in children
 Exercise prescription for children
Physiological capacity and
performance across the life span
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Exercise capacity during aging
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Reasons for decreases in exercise capacity during aging
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Preventing or reversing age-related changes in work capacity
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Aerobic capacity in masters (veteran) athletes
Anaerobic capacity and muscular strength in masters athletes
Training effects in previously sedentary individuals
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Variability in rates of physiological aging
Aerobic capacity during aging
Anaerobic capacity during aging
Muscular strength
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Strength
Exercise prescription for older adults
Life span sex differences in physiological responses and adaptations to
exercise
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Sex differences in
Sex differences in
Sex differences in
Sex differences in
aerobic exercise capacity
anaerobic capacity
muscular strength
sport performance
Chapter 12
Applications of exercise physiology to
health
Objective from syllabus
 To evaluate the health benefits of exercise
Applications of exercise physiology
to health
 Physical Activity and Public Health
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The public cost of inactivity
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Major causes of disease and death in developed
countries
Financial burden of physical inactivity
Exercise participation and health benefits in
adults
Promoting a physically active lifestyle
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Reasons for differences in activity levels
Ways to improve exercise participation
Applications of exercise physiology
to health
 Physical Activity, Cardiovascular Disease, and Metabolic Syndrome
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Cardiovascular disease
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Physical Activity & Cardiovascular disease
Exercise prescription to prevent and treat cardiovascular disease
Metabolic syndrome: obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and
dyslipidemia
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Obesity
 Exercise and obesity
 Exercise prescription for obesity
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Hypertension
 Exercise and hypertension
 Exercise prescription for hypertension
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Diabetes
 Exercise and diabetes
 Exercise prescription for diabetes
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Dyslipidemia
 Exercise and dyslipidemia
 Exercise prescription for dyslipidemia
Applications of exercise physiology
to health
 Physical Activity and Other Leading Diseases and Conditions
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Cancer
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Asthma
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Exercise and asthma
Exercise prescription in asthma
Osteoporosis
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Exercise and cancer
Exercise prescription in cancer
Exercise and osteoporosis
Exercise prescription to optimize bone health
Arthritis
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Exercise and arthritis
Exercise prescription in arthritis
Part IV: Neural Bases
of Human Movement
Motor Control
About motor control...
 How does the body control its movements?
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Again a diverse range of parent disciplines
provide clues
Here the goal is to explain the origin of
controlled movement, the means by which
coordinated movement can be learned in
both childhood and adulthood, and of course
what happens to the potential for control and
learning when people age
Chapter 14
Basic concepts of motor control:
Neurophysiological perspectives
Neurophysiological perspectives
 Objective from syllabus
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To understand how some basic
neurophysiological properties of the nervous
system can be used to explain how we move
Neurophysiological perspectives
 Components of the Nervous System
 Neurons and Synapses
 Structure and function of neurons
 Structure and function of synapses
 Sensory Receptor Systems for Movement
 The visual system
 The kinesthetic system
 Muscle receptors
 Tendon receptors
 Skin (cutaneous) receptors
 Joint receptors
 The vestibular system
 Intersensory integration and sensory dominance
Neurophysiological perspectives
 Effector Systems for Movement
 Motor Control Functions of the Spinal Cord
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Structure of the spinal cord
Spinal reflexes
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The stretch reflex
The flexion reflex
The crossed extensor reflex
The extensor thrust reflex
Spinal reflexes for gait control
The role of reflexes in voluntary movement control
 Motor Control Functions of the Brain
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The motor cortex
The cerebellum
The basal ganglia
The brainstem
 Integrative Brain Mechanisms for Movement
Chapter 15
Basic concepts of motor control:
Cognitive science perspectives
Cognitive science perspectives
 Objective from syllabus
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To understand how models of motor control
can be used to explain how we move
Cognitive science perspectives
 Using Models to Study Motor Control
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The role of models in scientific study
Key properties to be explained by models of
control
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Degrees of freedom
Motor equivalence
Serial order
Perceptual-motor integration
Skills acquisition
Cognitive science perspectives
 Information-Processing Models of Motor Control
 The human motor system as computer-like
 Hardware and software
 Processing stages
 Perceiving: determining what is happening
 Underlying processes
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Detection
Comparison
Recognition
Selective attention
Processing limitations
Cognitive science perspectives
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Deciding: Determining what has to be done
 Underlying processes
 Processing limitations
Acting: organizing and executing the desired
movement
 Underlying processes
 Movement organization
 Movement initiation
 Movement monitoring
Processing limitations
Some implications
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 Some Alternative Models of Motor Control
Chapter 16
Motor control changes across the life
span
Motor control changes across the
life span
 Objective from syllabus
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To understand how the capacity for
coordinated movement changes across the
life span
Motor control changes across the
life span
 Changes in Observable Motor Performance
 Motor development in the first two years of life
 General developmental principles
 Motor milestones for normative development
 Motor milestones in special populations
 The notion of critical periods
 Practical applications
 Development of fundamental motor patterns in
childhood
 Ages and stages in the development of a locomotor
skill
 Ages and stages in the development of a nonlocomotor skill
 Practical applications
Motor control changes across the
life span
 Changes at the Neurophysiological Level
 Major physical changes in the central nervous
system
 Changes in the sensory receptors and sensory
systems
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The visual system
The kinesthetic and vestibular system
Changes in the effectors (muscles)
Changes in reflex systems
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Primitive reflexes
Postural and locomotor reflexes
Motor control changes across the
life span
 Changes in Information-Processing
Capabilities
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Developmental improvements in informationprocessing capability
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Decision making
Organizing and executing movement
Declines in information processing with aging
Chapter 17
Motor control adaptations to training
Motor control adaptations to
training
 Objective from syllabus
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To summarize the adaptations in motor
control at the neural and behavioral levels
that occur as a consequence of training
Motor control adaptations to
training
 Changes in Observable Motor Performance
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Characteristics of skilled performers
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Stages in the acquisition of motor skills
 Verbal-cognitive
 Associative
 Autonomous
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The specificity of motor skills
Motor control adaptations to
training
 Changes at the Neurophysiological Level
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Challenges for a neurophysiological account of learning
Plasticity as the basis of learning
Synaptic changes and long-term potentiation
 Changes in Information-Processing Capabilities
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Sensory reception
Perception
Decision making
Movement organization and execution
Observable movement pattern and movement outcome
Implications for training
 Factors Affecting the Learning of Motor Skills
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Imperfectability of skills
Necessity of feedback for learning
Importance of type of practice
Limitations of verbal instructions and conscious attention
Dependency of learning on readiness
Part V: Psychological
Bases of Human
Movement
Sport and exercise psychology
About sport and exercise
psychology...
 This is basically about anything in the realm
of thinking that affects performance in
physical activity (or indeed the choice to
participate in physical activity)
Chapter 18
Basic concepts in sport psychology
Basic concepts in sport psychology
 Objective from syllabus
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Um, well, to describe the major concepts of
sport psychology, of course
Basic concepts in sport psychology
 Personality
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Trait framework of personality
Interaction framework of personality
Practical implications of personality in sport
 Motivation in Sport
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Definition of motivation
Definition of success
Achievement goal orientations and motivation
Motivational climate
Basic concepts in sport psychology
 Arousal, Anxiety, and Sport Performance
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Arousal
Anxiety
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Trait and state anxiety
Cognitive and somatic anxiety
The arousal-performance relationship
The anxiety-performance relationship
Measuring anxiety
 The Practice of Applied Sport Psychology
 Imagery: An Example of a Psychological Skill
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How imagery works
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Psycho-neuromuscular theory
Symbolic learning theory
Attention-arousal set theory
Reasons to use imagery
Developing vividness and control
Chapter 19
Basic concepts in exercise psychology
Basic concepts in exercise
psychology
 Objective from syllabus
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That would be to describe the major
concepts of exercise psychology
Basic concepts in exercise
psychology
 Effects of Psychological Factors on Exercise
 Exercise participation motivation
 Exercise adherence motivation
 Goal setting
 Sensory factors
 Situational factors
 The transtheoretical model
 Exercise addiction
 Effects of Exercise on Psychological Factors
 Exercise and psychological well-being
 Exercise and negative mood states
 Exercise and cognitive performance
Chapter 20
Physical activity and psychological
factors across the life span
Physical activity and psychological
factors across the life span
 Objective from syllabus
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Describe how the major concepts of sport
and exercise psychology relate to changes in
movement across the life span
Physical activity and psychological
factors across the life span
 Changes in Personality
 Psychosocial Development Through Sport
Participation
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Design of youth sport
Adolescence, peers and exercise
 Exercise in Older Adults
 Exercise and life satisfaction in older adults
 Encouraging participation of older adults in exercise
and sport
 Termination of Athletic Careers
 Voluntary versus involuntary termination
 Assisting the termination process
Chapter 21
Psychological adaptations to training
Psychological adaptations to
training
 Objective from syllabus
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To evaluate the psychological consequences
of prolonged participation in sport and
exercise
Psychological adaptations to
training
 Aerobic Fitness and the Response to Psychological Stress
 Changes in Personality
 Changes in Motivation: Staleness, Overtraining, and Burnout
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Definitions related to training stress
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Staleness
Overtraining
Burnout
Measuring overtraining and burnout
 Strategies
 Avoiding training stress syndrome
 Managing stress
 Changes in Mental Skills
 Transferring skills from sport to work
 Acquiring mental skills
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