Transcript File

Jazz History and
Elements
Jessica Parker
How Jazz Developed
Lesson
One
• The foundation of Jazz music
developed from the Blues Style
• The Blues Style was developed
in the South in the 1800’s which
is comes from African American
Music.
• The Blues style was themed
around the pain of lost love and
injustice
• The blues evolved from hymns,
work songs, and field hollers.
This music was used to
accompany social and spiritual
functions, and work.
• Blues was originally grown out
of the hardships many
generations of African
Americans had gone through.
• It first came about in the
Mississippi rural region
How Jazz Developed (Continued)
• According to Wynton Marsalis, "New Orleans
had a great tradition of celebration. Opera,
military marching bands, folk music, the blues,
different types of church music, ragtime,
echoes of traditional African drumming, and
all of the dance styles that went with this
music could be heard and seen throughout
the city. When all of these kinds of music
blended into one, jazz was born."
Where did Jazz Develop?
• Jazz developed in New Orleans in the early
20th century
• The jazz tradition’s origins are found in Africa
and Europe
• In New Orleans during this time, Ragtime
music was popularized. Its fresh rhythms
impacted the early jazz sound.
Famous people who helped develop Jazz
• Louis Armstrong- American Jazz trumpeter and
singer. Born August 4th 1901
• Ella Fitzgerald- Made a singing debut in 1934.
Famous jazz vocalist of 20th century. Born April 25,
1917.
• Freddie Hubbard- Well known trumpet player known
for the bebop, hard pop, and post pop styles. Born
April 7, 1938.
• Charlie Parker- One of the most prominent figures in
jazz music. Famous jazz saxophone player and
composer. Born August 29, 1920.
The Jazz Style
• Listen to this recording of Ella Fitzgerald singing “It Don’t
Mean a Thing if it Ain’t got that Swing.”
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hyf1rPqibjY&feature=rela
ted
• What stylistic elements do you hear?
• Think about the tempo, the lyrics, the choices of pitch, and
the instrumentation.
• What things do you think make this style sound different than
classical music?
Short Review Quiz
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What musical style did jazz develop from?
Where did jazz develop?
What century did jazz develop?
What do Freddie Hubbard and Louis
Armstrong have in common?
Sources
• http://teacher.scholastic.com/activities/bhisto
ry/history_of_jazz.htm
• http://www.jazzinamerica.org/LessonPlan/5/1
/249
• http://www.jazzistry.org/timeline.html
• http://www.buzzle.com/articles/famous-jazzmusicians.html
Lesson Two
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Key Elements to Jazz Style
Important People
Instruments Used
Chord Progressions
Blues Scales
Different styles of Jazz
• Louis Armstrong
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The Greatest of All jazz musicians
Known for his unbelievable
trumpet technical talents
Also a famous jazz singer
Born August 4, 1901
Louis Armstrong studied cornet
with Professor Peter Davis
He was raised into a very poor
family.
When he was around 14 years
old, he worked selling papers,
unloading boats, and selling coal
from a cart
Joe “King” Oliver gave Armstrong
his first cornet.
In 1919, Armstrong left New
Orleans and joined a band in St.
Louis.
After that, Armstrong’s career
soared. He joined numerous big
bands.
People
Involved in
the
Development
of Jazz
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Key People
(Continued)
Ella Fitzgerald
Born in Newport News, Virginia on April 25,
1917
Parents were divorced shortly after she was
born
Ella and her mother moved to Yonkers, New
York
Ella’s mother married long-time boyfriend
In 1932, Ella’s mother died of serious injuries
from a car accident
Ella took the loss very hard. After losing her
stepfather of a heart attack, she got into some
trouble and was depressed. In result of this,
she began to attend reform school
Ella escaped this school
In 1934, Ella’s name was pulled in a weekly
drawing at the Apollo and she won the
opportunity to compete in an Amateur Night.
Ella made a last minute decision to sing
In this band was a saxophonist Benny Carter
who was impressed with her natural talent. He
then started introducing Ella to famous people
who could launch her career.
In 1936, Ella made her first recording
1987- Ella was awarded the National Medal of
Arts by President Ronald Regan
Key people (Continued)
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Freddie Hubbard
Born April 7, 1938 in Indianapolis, Indiana
Played mellophone and then trumpet in his school band
Studied at Jordan Conservatory
Founded his own first band, the Jazz Contemporaries
Moved to New York in 1958 at the Age of 20
Barely 22 when he recorded Open Sesame, his solo debut in June 1960
He recorded his second album within the next 10 months
Joined Art Blakey Jazz Messengers
Quickly established himself as a new important voice in jazz
Won Down Beat Magazine’s award “New Star” award.
Freddie Achieved his greatest popular success in 1970’s with crossover albums on CTI
Records.
One of the greatest of Hard Bop trumpeters
Key People
(Continued)
• Charlie Parker
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One of the greatest musical innovators of
the 20th century
Father of bebop
Born August 29, 1920 in Kansas City,
Kansas
Married his childhood sweetheart
Around age 20, he left his family, sold his
horn and moved to New York to “change
the face of American Music forever”
Played with Jay McShann’s band in New
York
Died in 1955 from pneumonia
What makes jazz, jazz?
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Syncopation- a rhythm that identifies it as jazz. Creation of rhythmic surprise.
Placement of accents. In other styles of music in western world, accents usually fall
on the beats. In jazz, accents tend to fall in between beats.
Swing- creation of forward momentum. Described in terms of length of eighth
notes. In swing eighth notes the first part of the beat is a little longer than the
second. Think of putting a tenuto over the first note. You could think of the beat as
a triplet. The first note gets the two beats of the triplet and the second note gets
the third beat.
Counterpoint- When several instruments are playing melodic lines at once each
with a different rhythm.
Richness of Jazz Rhythm- Most jazz is played in four. It always uses syncopation and
swing. Danceable rhythm. Emphasizes improvisation.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1j6avX7ebkM
Instruments used in jazz
• 4 trumpets
• 3 trombones and 1
bass trombone
• 5 saxophones. 2 are
alto, 2 are tenor,
one is bari.
Saxophone players
are doublers. They
play flute, and
clarinet.
• Piano
• Double bass
• Drumset
Elements of Jazz
• Blues Scale
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Scale consisting of six
different notes.
In C major the blues
scale would be C Eb, F,
F#, G, Bb, and then C
again at the top
• Triad Chords
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Consists of Three notes.
Types: Major, Minor,
Augmented, Diminished.
• Seventh Chords
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Consists of Four notes.
Types: Major 7th,
Dominant 7th, Minor 7th,
Half diminished 7th, Full
diminished 7th
Elements of Jazz
• Improvisation
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Definition: making up your own melody over a continuously repeating chord
progression during a tune.
The melody of an improvised solo is based on the chords and scales flowing
through the piece. If the soloist did not play their solo based on the chord
structure, it would sound wrong.
Improvising is not an easy skill to obtain. One must know all major and minor
scales and blues scales and all chord structures and inversions in order to be a
successful improviser.
Besides knowing theory, one must know how to phrase a solo in order to sound
successful.
• There are many different types of jazz
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Pre-Jazz
Ragtime
Dixieland
Tin Pan Alley
Boogie-Woogie
Swing
Big Band
Scat
BeBop
Cool
Hard Bop
West Coast
Free Jazz
Bossa Nova
Fusion
Neo bop
Soul Jazz
Afro-Latin
Acid Jazz
World Fusion
Neoclassical
Modern Creative
In Memoriam
Jazz
Styles
Quiz Review
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What is Louis Armstrong most known for?
What award did Ronald Regan give to Ella Fitzgerald?
What type of trumpet player was Freddie Hubbard known to be?
What instrument did Charlie Parker play?
What are the key elements in distinguishing the jazz style?
How many trumpets are in a typical jazz band?
What notes are in a C major blues scale?
Name five types of jazz styles.
Sources
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http://jazz.suite101.com/article.cfm/jazz_syncopation_and_improvisation
http://www.redhotjazz.com/louie.html
http://www.ellafitzgerald.com/about/biography.html
http://www.jazztrumpetsolos.com/hubbard.asp
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/episodes/charlie-parker/aboutcharlie-parker/678/
http://airjudden.tripod.com/jazz/styles.html
http://www.outsideshore.com/school/music/almanac/html/Elements_Of_Jazz/Fu
ndamentals/Rhythm.htm
http://www.jazclass.aust.com/scales/scablu.htm
http://www.apassion4jazz.net/improvisation.html
http://www.musilosophy.com/jazz-improvisation.htm
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/famous-jazz-musicians.html
Lesson 3
• Origin of Jazz Bands
• Vocal Jazz Singers
• Women in Jazz
• New Orleans 1898- Big Band
Jazz started at the end of the
Spanish American war
• 1917- The “Original
Dixieland Jazz Band” made
its first record. One of the
first bands to bring the New
Orleans style to New York
• Kid Ory’s band- First African
American Jazz recording.
Group was named “Spike's
Seven Pods of Pepper
Orchestra”
• http://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=NdAFc60b1n0
The
First
Jazz
Bands
Famous
Band
Leaders
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Fletcher Henderson- The first band leader to achieve national
notoriety . He formed his band in the 1920’s. First big band
arranger
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-LjNDB2Ci0A
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Duke Ellington- formed a dance band in the 1920’s. His band
was a regular at the Cotton Club.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ez-ljQA2Kn8
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Chick Webb- Started a band in the mid 1920’s. His band was a
regular at the Savoy which opened in 1926. His group won
several “Battle of the Bands”. Chick Webb was the one who
started Ella Fitzgerald’s career.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W5umeP6jygA
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Many of these clubs that the bands performed at gave jobs to
African Americans. However, most of these clubs were still
segregated.
Most of these clubs were located in Harlem, New York
Famous Vocal Jazz Singers
• Louis Armstrong- 1920’s-Known to be the “First genuine jazz singer.”
Founder of Vocal Jazz. He made “scat singing”.
• Frank Sinatra- Great popular singer. Known for creating his own style.
Recorded albums with many people including Duke Ellington. Famous
recording- “Come Fly With Me.”
• Nat King Cole- first famous crossover musician. Started off as a pianist,
then became a famous jazz singer. Founded the famous King Cole Trio
which included a piano trio. Left a legacy to his daughter Natalie Cole, who
is famous.
• Joe Williams- Famous for long singing career. At 20 years old he joined
Jimmy Noone’s band. At age 36, in 1954, he became the lead singer in
Count Basie’s band. Toured solo in 1961. Very popular jazz singer.
• Mel Torme- American jazz musician. Formed his own quintet at age 17Mel Torme and his Mel-tomes. Won two grammys for being best vocalist
in 1982 and 1983. Recorded his own album in 1954.
Recordings
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Louis Armstronghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8IJzYAda1wA&feature=related
Frank Sinatra- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Euci0_BBmNE
Nat King Cole- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JErVP6xLZwg
Joe Williams- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cOuCvEMZRbo&feature=related
Mel Torme- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ua_ODg0FmzQ
• Please take notes on each recording. Write down what you
hear. For example, is the song upbeat or slow? What does the
quality of each singer’s voice sound like? What stylistic things
do they use? Whose voice do you prefer?
Vocal Jazz
Techniques
• Scat Singing is a style of jazz singing without real
words, where the human voice is made to sound
like a musical instrument.
• This style was invented by Louis Armstrong while
he was recording the piece “Heebie Jeebies” in
1925.
• 1940’s- bebop scat was developed by John
Hendricks and Sarah Vaughn
• Ella Fitzgerald scat improvised in the 1940’s and
1950’s to mimick saxophones and trumpets.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PbL9vr4Q2LU
Famous Women in Jazz
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Billie Holiday- One of the greatest jazz singers in the
1930’s-1950’s
Ella Fitzgerald- jazz singer extraordinaire
Sarah Vaughn- famous in 1940’s-1990. One of the greatest
of all jazz musicians
Helen Forrest- popular big band jazz singer. Lead singer in
Artie Shaw’s band in 1938. Became a solo singer in 1944.
Anita O’Day- International star. Career began in the
1930’s.
Dinah Washington- Sang in Lionel Hampton’s band in 1943
Betty Carter- Most known for her vocal flexibility, far out
improv and scat singing. Won the national medal of the
arts in 1997.
Shirley Horn- Career known for singing Love Songs. Made
her debut recording in 1960.
Quiz Review
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Please Answer these questions on your own and turn them in. You are allowed to
use your notes.
What year did the original Dixie land band make their first recording?
Name two famous band leaders.
Name three of the famous vocal jazz male singers.
Describe the scat technique.
Name six of the female jazz singers.
Who’s band was Helen Forrest the leader singer of?
What is Shirley Horn’s singing career known for?
Sources
• http://www.redhotjazz.com/louie.html
• http://www.redhotjazz.com/bigband.html
• http://www.jazz-music-made-easy.com/male-jazzsingers.html
• http://www.jazz-music-made-easy.com/scatsinging.html
• http://www.jazz-music-made-easy.com/female-jazzsingers.html
• http://www.swingmusic.net/getready.html
Lesson Four
Learn to Scat Sing!
Blues Scale
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=alDRTdM4
KfU
• C, Eb, F, F#, G, Bb, C
Scat Singing
• Scat Singing is a style of jazz singing without
real words, where the human voice is made to
sound like a musical instrument.
• Scat singing is very broad. Most singers have
their own “scat vocabulary”
Activity #1
• Split into groups of 4 or 5
• Create a 4 or 5 bar rhythmic melody using one note.
• Remember key elements in the jazz style- syncopation,
swing (eighth notes). Remember to try to sound like an
actual instrument.
• Here are some scat syllables to consider using: Doo,
Dat, Shoo, Bee, Diddy, bah, dah, dee, shee.
• This is an activity to help you develop your own ideas.
There is no right or wrong answer.
• Perform!
Ella Fitzgerald Scat Singing
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PbL9vr4Q
2LU
Activity #2
• Get back into your groups
• Create a 12 bar piece which consists the notes from the C blues scale.
• Remember key elements in the jazz style- syncopation, swing (eighth
notes). Remember to try to sound like an actual instrument.
• Add scat syllables to your melody
• Make this melody faster to challenge yourself
• Once again, Here are some scat syllables to consider using: Doo, Dat,
Shoo, Bee, Diddy, bah, dah, dee, shee.
• Scat singing is broad, try to think of new syllables and be creative
• Perform!
Sources
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http://www.allaboutjazz.com/dryden/ask_ken_0901.htm
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=alDRTdM4KfU
http://www.jazz-music-made-easy.com/scat-singing.html
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PbL9vr4Q2LU
Lesson 5
• Greatest Jazz
Composers
• How to Compose Jazz
• Theory involved in Jazz
Famous Early Jazz
Composers
• Joe “King” Oliver- Best known for his piece “Snag it”
1926
• Louis Armstrong- 1924
• Jelly Roll Morton- Best known for his tune “Original
New Orleans Blues” 1925.
• Nick LaRocca- best known for his piece “War Cloud”
1918
Famous Jazz Composers after 1920
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Ornette Coleman- major influence on “free jazz” movement after the 1950’s
John Coltrane- known for developing polytonality in modern jazz. Works include
“Giant Steps” and “A Love Supreme.”
Miles Davis- major contributor to bebop and cool forms of jazz. Influential
recordings include: "Streamin'" (1956), "Kind of Blue" (1959).
Duke Ellington- Nominated for Pulitzer Prize. Tunes known for: " Mood Indigo"
(1930), "It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing)" (1932), "Sophisticated
Lady" (1933), and "In a Sentimental Mood" (1935)
Dizzy Gillespie- pioneered the bebop movement in 1945. Known for his tunes:
"Salt Peanuts" (1945) and "A Night in Tunisia" (1946).
Herbie Hancock- contributed to rock jazz movement in 1960’s-70’s. Known for his
composition “The Maiden Voyage.”
Glen Miller- Known for his compositions: "In the Mood" (1939) and "Better git it
in your soul" (1959)
Thelonious Monk- Major contributor to bebop. Two of his famous compositions:
"Round About Midnight" (1947) and "Criss Cros" (1951).
Charlie Parker- Major influence in bebop. Most well-known solos: "Groovin'
High" (1945) and "Out of Nowhere" (1948).
Composition Activity
• You are going to compose a piece using a
12 bar blues.
• Refer back to the notes you took on the
types of chords there are. (Hint: triads, 7th
chords).
• This twelve bar blues progression consists
of I, IV, V, V7 chords
• What are I,I7, IV, IV7, V, V7 chords in C
major with the one chord being C major?
• C is the 1ST note or scale degree in the scale.
• Since C is the 1ST note, the triad of C major
C major Scale: C, D, E, F, G, A, B, C
is C, E, and G. This is a Major I chord.
• A C 7th chord, or C DOMINANT would be
C, E, G, Bb. This is a I7 chord.
• F is the 4th note or scale degree in the C
scale.
• Since F is the 4th note, the triad of F in C
major would be F, A, and C. This is a major
IV chord.
• An F 7th chord, or F DOMINANT would be
F, A, C, Eb. This is a IV7 chord.
• G is the 5th note or scale degree in the C
scale.
• Since G is the 5th note, the triad of G in C
major would be G, B, D. This is a major V
chord.
• A G 7th chord, or G DOMINANT would be
G, B, D, F. This is a V7 chord.
7th chords
• Why is the 7th lowered?
• There are more than one TYPES of 7th chords.
• For a five chord, a dominant 7th chord is the most typical. A dominant
chord is the one we just learned. Example is C, E, G, Bb.
• In the key of C major, there is no Bb.
• Types of 7th chords (In C major):
• MAJOR 7TH: C, E, G, B
• MINOR 7th: C, Eb, G, Bb
• DOMINANT 7th: C, E, G, Bb
• HALF DIMINISHED: C, Eb, Gb, Bb
• WHOLE DIMINISHED: C, Eb, Gb, B double flat, or A.
When creating a melody, you can use any of the notes in the
scale to make it smooth.
• Here are the scales you will use in your
composition
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Major scale (in C)- C, D, E, F, G, A, B, C
Dominant scale (in C)- C, D, E, F, G, A, Bb, C
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F Major scale- F, G, A, Bb, C, D, E, F
F Dominant Scale- F, G, A, Bb, C, D, Eb, F
G Major Scale- G, A, B, C, D, E, F#, G
G Dominant Scale- G, A, B, C, D, E, F, G
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You can use any of these notes when that specific chord comes up. For
example: F is the IV degree. Therefore, you can use any notes in the F major
scale in your composition. Do not feel that you need to only use the three
triad notes (F, A, C). Be creative!
Here is your chord progression
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The Standard 12 Bar Blues Form
* Twelve bars (measures) of music that are repeated throughout
on entire song.
* Chords used are the I, IV, and V (either as basic major chords or
as dominant 7th chords).
* Played in 4/4 time (i.e., four beats per measure; quarter note
equals one beat).
Here is a chart example of a standard 12 bar blues form:
4/4 time
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Measures: 1
Chords: I
2
I
3
I
4
I7
5
IV
6
IV
7
I
8
I
9 10 11
V7 IV7
I
12
I
Sources
• http://www.gibson.com/enus/Lifestyle/Lessons/InstrumentLessons/The%
20Standard%2012%20Bar%20Blues/
• http://www.cftech.com/BrainBank/OTHERREF
ERENCE/THEARTS/MajJazComp.html
• http://www.basinstreet.com/articles/famous.
htm
Lesson
6
• Famous Soloists and improvisers
• Learn how to improvise
• Learn how to solo
Best Well-Known
Improvisers
• John Coltrane
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ocGGz_
yWxKQ&feature=related
• Miles Davis
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tukwy
VcJ0iU
• Louis Armstrong
Review of Improvisation
• Improvisation
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Definition: making up your own melody over a continuously repeating chord
progression during a tune.
The melody of an improvised solo is based on the chords and scales flowing
through the piece. If the soloist did not play their solo based on the chord
structure, it would sound wrong.
Improvising is not an easy skill to obtain. One must know all major and minor
scales and blues scales and all chord structures and inversions in order to be a
successful improviser.
Besides knowing theory, one must know how to phrase a solo in order to sound
successful.
Improvisation Activity
• Use your 12 bar blues composition
• Get into your groups of 4-5 and this time, put
a repeat sign on your 12 bar blues so that it
will be played 4 times in a row without
stopping.
Directions
• Use your instruments or voice to play/sing the 12 bar blues 4 times
in a row. Play this piece so you get familiar with it.
• After you are comfortable with playing your piece again, play your
piece and have two people solo during this piece.
• When should they solo?
• Have your group play the 12 bar melody together the first time.
• Group will play the root notes of the chords in each of the 12 bars
as the soloist plays his or her solo in the repeated 12 bars.
• The third repeated set of 12 bars will be the second soloist. (Group
keeps playing the root notes of each of the 12 bars).
• The fourth repeated set of 12 bars is no soloists. Just group playing
the melody one last time.
Here is a visual of what your piece will look like
• SONG ---------------------------
• BARS: 1-12 1-12 1-12 1-12
• Who plays
SOLO 1 SOLO 2
• Who plays everyone everyone everyone everyone
• What is played MELODY
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ROOT NOTES ROOT NOTES MELODY
(except soloist) (except soloist)
PLEASE RAISE YOUR HAND IF YOU HAVE QUESTIONS.
LABEL THE CHORDS UNDER EACH BAR
OF YOUR PIECE.
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The Standard 12 Bar Blues Form
* Twelve bars (measures) of music that are repeated throughout
on entire song.
* Chords used are the I, IV, and V (either as basic major chords or
as dominant 7th chords).
* Played in 4/4 time (i.e., four beats per measure; quarter note
equals one beat).
Here is a chart example of a standard 12 bar blues form:
4/4 time
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Measures: 1
Chords: I
2
I
3
I
4
I7
5
IV
6
IV
7
I
8
I
9 10 11
V7 IV7
I
12
I
Tips for a good solo
Since you are new at this, write out the notes in
each chord and in the layout of your
piece. Remember? I, I7, IV, IV7, V, V7 chords?
While you are playing your solo, you want to strive for
the notes that are in the chord. For example, in
measures 1-4, you would be most likely to play notes
C, E, G, because those are the notes in a C major
triad. Any of the notes in the C major scale will work
though.
Review of Chords
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C major Scale: C, D, E, F, G, A, B, C
C is the 1ST note or scale degree in the scale.
Since C is the 1ST note, the triad of C major is C, E, and G. This is a Major I
chord.
A C 7th chord, or C DOMINANT would be C, E, G, Bb. This is a I7 chord.
F is the 4th note or scale degree in the C scale.
Since F is the 4th note, the triad of F in C major would be F, A, and C. This is
a major IV chord.
An F 7th chord, or F DOMINANT would be F, A, C, Eb. This is a IV7 chord.
G is the 5th note or scale degree in the C scale.
Since G is the 5th note, the triad of G in C major would be G, B, D. This is a
major V chord.
A G 7th chord, or G DOMINANT would be G, B, D, F. This is a V7 chord.
Sources
• http://www.stanford.edu/~jrdx/jazz.html