Transcript Diversity in Nutrition

Diversity in Nutrition
Cow, Human, Dog
Dentition
Teeth and Jaw structures and
functions
Cow-Dentition
Dental/horny pad
Ruminant herbivores such as cows
have no incisors or canine teeth in the
upper jaw. Instead they have a dental
pad against which the bottom incisors
and underdeveloped canines cut
through blades of long grass. The
dental pad helps tear off the long
grass. The space between the
incisors and molars is called the
diastema in which the canines would
normally sit in other animals. The cow
has well developed premolars and
molars with complex ridges that act
as a broad grinding surface allowing
them to break down grass and plant
material physically by chewing.
Chewing leads to the plant matter
having a greater surface area which
makes for faster chemical digestion.
Cow-Facial Muscles
Temporalis Muscle
Masseter muscle
The cow’s tongue is a very useful
muscle it is long and the cow uses it
to wrap around long grass and pull it
into it’s mouth. The cow has an under
developed temporalis muscle;
herbivores do not eat other
consumers so do not need to hold/pin
down other animals using their
mouths. Cows do have a very large
well developed masseter muscle
because the cow does a lot of
chewing to break down the plant
matter they eat.
Human-Dentition
The human is a typical omnivore its
set of teeth consisting of incisors,
canines (eyeteeth), premolars and
molars. Human incisors are spade
like and are used for “biting” and
“snipping” food. The human canines
are very blunt and are used more like
incisors. The premolars and molars
are used to grind down food;
especially plant matter so that food
can be swallowed in smaller chunks
and can be broken down further more
efficiently in chemical digestion.
Human-Facial Muscles
Humans have highly
developed facial muscles we
are able to move them side to
side and forward to back, this
aids in speech as well as
physical digestion in the
mouth. The temporalis
muscle is reduced in size
while the masseter muscle is
quite developed and is a
essential in allowing a human
to chew. The human tongue
aids in swallowing.
Dog-Dentition
Dogs are carnivorous and their
teeth enable them to hold down
prey and rip off chunks of flesh from
the animals they eat. The dogs’
incisors are used to “bite off” things
and appear more sharp and jagged
then that of a human or cow. The
dogs canines are highly developed,
long and coned shaped used to
hold, stab and kill prey. In
carnivores the molars and
premolars are adapted versions
known as carnassials, they slice
against each other acting like
scissors and are used to for
shearing flesh and bone.
Dog-Facial Muscles
Temporalis Muscle
Masseter Muscle
The dog has a large
temporalis muscle that allows
it to clamp/snap down on living
prey and to hold it in place.
The dog has an under
developed masseter muscle;
chewing is not a necessity for
a dog as its prey is high in
nutrients and protein making it
easy to break down
chemically- physical digestion
is therefore limited as its not
really needed.
Survival
How do teeth and jaw structures
allow each animal to survive in
their habitats
Cow
The cows’ ideal habitat is high in plant
life and grass. The cow consumes
mainly grass the problem with this being
that plant matter is not high in nutrients
and it takes a long time to extract those
nutrients from the plants because of the
high quantity of cellulose in the plants
cell walls. So to combat these problems
the cow eats a lot of grass and plant
matter and spends a very long time
chewing this grass before it is
swallowed and then re-chewing the
grass as cud. The cow’s tongue and
dental pad combined with its lower
incisors speed up the amount of time it
takes to cut/bite of blades of grass. The
highly developed masseter muscle
allows it to chew almost continuously
and it’s molars grind down the plant
matter speeding up the chemical
digestion of the plants.
Human
The food available to omnivores is diverse
especially diverse to a human. Humans
consume a wide variety of plant life and
different animals and require a balance of
the different nutrients found in each.
Human’s need to be capable of ingesting
and physically digesting both plant life and
animals in order to live healthily and
survive. To the this humans have teeth
which are capable of biting, chewing and
grinding down tough plant matter and
biting large bits of meat into smaller
chunks that we are able to swallow. Our
masseter muscle allows us to chew the
plant matter and our temporalis muscle
enables us to make strong quick biting
motions to bite right through meat.
Dog
Dogs are carnivorous and need to
catch and eat other animals in order to
survive. The animals they consume are
high in nutrients but the problem for
carnivores is that they often waste a lot
of energy finding, stalking and catching
their prey. To aid in catching its prey
the dog’s large temporalis muscle
allows it to clamp down on a living
animal the dogs large canines pinning
the prey in place. The dogs sharp
carnassials shear smaller chunks of
meat off they prey allowing it to be
swallowed and chemically digested in
the stomach.
Bibliography
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Slide three images: http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/pregastric/cowpage.html
Slide four images: http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Image:Anatomy_and_physiology_of_animals_Sheeps_skull.jpg
Slide five images: http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/pregastric/humanpage.html
Slide six images: http://www.parkchambersdental.co.uk/images/tmj.jpg
Slide seven images: http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/pregastric/dogpage.html
Slide eight images: http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Image:Anatomy_and_physiology_of_animals_Dogs_skull.jpg
Slide ten images: http://www.vet.ed.ac.uk/dhhps/images/Cow%20Photos/cow%20grazing.jpg
Slide eleven images: http://www.theage.com.au/ffximage/2008/01/18/supermarket_lead_narrowweb__300x406,0.jpg
Slide twelve images: http://www.dogwoodfarmonline.com/dogsheep1.jpg
http://www.alpinelabradoodles.com/images/newpics/labradoodle-nephewlg.jpg
Useful websites:
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http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/The_Gut_and_Digestion
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http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/index.html
Useful books:
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Biozone: Year 12 biology 2008