Transcript Neutralizer Muscles

From the books of Joseph E. Muscolino, DC
4/13/2015
TCCD MASSAGE THERAPY
PROGRAM MSSG 2014
KINESIOLOGY
Roles of Muscles
1
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• Define the key terms of this chapter and state the meanings of
the word origins of this chapter.
• Describe the relationship between the role that a muscle plays
and the action in question.
• Compare and contrast the roles of mover and antagonist.
• Discuss the concept of cocontraction.
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Objectives
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TCCD MASSAGE THERAPY
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• State the muscle that is working during the action in question.
• Describe the relationship between gravity and joint actions.
• Explain the application of tight antagonists to restricted joint
motion.
• Compare and contrast the roles of fixator and neutralizer.
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Objectives
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Mover Muscles
• Movers: muscles that can do the action in question
• Can shorten in two ways:
• Concentrically contract and shorten
• Relax and shorten
• For every joint action, a functional group of movers can contract
to make the action happen.
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Mover Muscles (cont’d.)
• Most powerful mover = prime mover
• Other movers = assistant movers
• Movers are also known as agonists.
Figure 13-1
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Figure 13-1
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Mover Muscles (cont’d.)
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Antagonist Muscles
• Antagonists do the opposite action of the action in question.
• Can lengthen in two ways:
• Eccentrically contract and lengthen
• Relax and lengthen
• Sometimes called contralateral muscle (opposite side)
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Antagonist Muscles (cont’d.)
• Most powerful antagonist = prime antagonist
Figure 13-2
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Figure 13-2
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Antagonist Muscles (cont’d.)
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Antagonist Muscles (cont’d.)
• Contraction: when the agonist and antagonist
contract at the same time
• Not considered healthy
• The same as pressing gas and brake pedals
simultaneously
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• Muscle that is working = muscle that contracts during the
action in question
• Easiest way is to examine gravity’s role in the action in
question
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Determining the “Muscle
That Is Working”
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Determining the “Muscle That Is
Working” (cont’d.)
• Upward movements, movers work and antagonists relax
• Horizontal movements, movers work and antagonists
relax
• Downward movements, antagonists work and movers
relax
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• Three general rules:
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Determining the “Muscle That Is
Working” (cont’d.)
Figure 13-3
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Determining the “Muscle That Is
Working” (cont’d.)
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Figure 13-3
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Stopping Unwanted Actions of the
“Muscle That Is Working”
• Fixators stop action at fixed attachment
• Neutralizers stop action at mobile attachment
• Example: flexion of the fingers into a fist
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• Fixators and neutralizers both stop unwanted actions of
working muscle
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TCCD MASSAGE THERAPY
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• Describe the general concept of the relationship
between fixators and neutralizers and the
muscle that is working.
• Give an example of a fixator and a neutralizer
relative to a specific joint action.
• State the step-by-step method for determining
fixators and neutralizers relative to a specific
joint action.
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Objectives
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Fixator Muscles
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• Fixators: stop unwanted action at the
fixed attachment of muscle that is
working
• Also known as stabilizers
• Contract isometrically
Figure 13-4
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Fixator Muscles (cont’d.)
In the illustration on the right, the posterior deltoid acts as a fixator of the arm by
creating a force of
extension on the arm at the shoulder joint. This
prevents
Figure 13-4
Figure 13-5
the biceps brachii from flexing the arm at the shoulder joint.
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● Which muscle is acting as the fixator in this figure?
The rectus abdominis.
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Fixator Muscles (cont’d.)
Figure 13-6
● Why?
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It prevents the TFL from anteriorly tilting the pelvis.
ology of the musculoskeletal system: foundations for physical rehabilitation, ed 2, St Louis, 2010, Mosby
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• Mobility (phasic) muscles: larger, longer, more superficial
• Postural stabilization (tonic) muscles: smaller, deeper, closer
to joints
• Core stabilization, strength, and efficiency of movement
• Core stabilization and spinal health
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Concept of Fixation and
Core Stabilization
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Concept of Fixation and Core
Stabilization (cont’d.)
Modeled from Neumann DA: Kinesiology of the musculoskeletal system: foundations
for physical rehabilitation, ed 2, St Louis, 2010, Mosby
If we stabilize our core’s axial body, then we can channel all the
strength of our muscles’ contractions toward moving our
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Concept of Fixation and Core
Stabilization (cont’d.)
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If the vertebrae in this scenario are Figure
not fixed,
then they will move
every time the arm abducts. This can eventually result in excessive
wear and tear and therefore
toInc.,the
spine.
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● There are three cardinal planes: sagittal, frontal, and transverse. If
we assume that the desired action occurs in one of these planes, we
should also recognize that undesired actions might occur in the other
two, were it not for the presence of neutralizers.
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• Neutralizers stop unwanted action at the mobile
attachment of the muscle that is working.
• They create a contraction force equal in strength but
opposite in direction to the force of the unwanted
action.
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Neutralizer Muscles
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In B (on the right), why is the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) a
Figure 13-9
neutralizer?
It is a neutralizer because it cancels out unwanted actions of
the right levator scapulae. (Neck flexion cancels out neck extension,
and left rotation of the neck cancels out right rotation of the neck.)
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Neutralizer Muscles (cont’d.)
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Neutralizer Muscles (cont’d.)
Which muscle is the neutralizer in the illustration on the left?
The pronator teres is the neutralizer because its action of pronation of
13-10
Figure 13-11 action of
the forearm at theFigure
radioulnar
joints cancels out the biceps brachii’s
supination of the forearmCopyright
at the
radioulnar joints.
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Determine the action in question.
Determine the muscle that is working and its role.
Determine the fixed and mobile attachments.
List all actions of the muscle that is working, and state
whether the actions are desired or undesired.
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•
•
•
•
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Step-by-Step Method for Determining
Fixators and Neutralizers
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TCCD MASSAGE THERAPY
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• Determine the action of each fixator at the fixed
attachment.
• Choose a muscle that can do the action determined for
each fixator.
• Determine the action of each neutralizer at the mobile
attachment.
• Choose a muscle that can do the action determined for
each neutralizer.
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Step-by-Step Method for Determining
Fixators and Neutralizers (cont’d.)
27
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Step-by-Step Method for Determining
Fixators and Neutralizers (cont’d.)
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Figure 13-12
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TCCD MASSAGE THERAPY
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• Describe the role of a support muscle.
• Explain the two ways in which a synergist can be
defined.
• Compare and contrast synergists and antagonists for a
given joint action.
• Explain the concept of coordination as it relates to the
role of muscles.
• Describe the possible clinical effects of isometric
contractions.
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Objectives
29
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TCCD MASSAGE THERAPY
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KINESIOLOGY
• Define and give an example of a 2nd-order fixator.
• Explain why it is difficult to isolate a specific muscle
contraction; further, explain and give an example of how
muscle contractions tend to spread through the body.
• Discuss and give an example of the concept of coupled
actions in the body.
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Objectives
30
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Support Muscles
• Hold another part of the body in position while the
action in question is occurring
• Do not work directly at the joint
• Oppose the force of gravity on a body part
• Contract isometrically
● Support muscles usually work far away from the joint
where an action is occurring.
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The left-sided erector spinae musculature
supports this action.
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Support Muscles
Figure 13-13
Figure
13-14
Its force of left lateral
flexion of the trunk at the spinal joints
prevents
the trunk from falling into right lateral flexion of the trunk at the spinal
joints.
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Synergists
• Synergists: muscles or forces that work with the
muscle that is contracting
• Example #1: Biceps brachii and pronator teres
Figure 13-15
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Synergists
• Example #2: Right external
abdominal oblique and left
internal abdominal oblique
In the sagittal plane, these muscles are
synergists. In the frontal plane, however,
they are antagonists.
Figure 13-15
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• Muscles rarely act in isolation.
• A number of muscles may contract for any given joint action.
• Coordination is the co-ordering of muscles in the body in
their various roles to create smooth and efficient movement.
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Coordinating Muscle Roles
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• Clinical effects of isometric contractions
• Close off veins for the entire length
of contraction
• Buildup of toxic waste products
• Waste products irritate nerves
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Coordinating Muscle Roles
36
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Coordinating Muscle Roles
• 2nd-order fixators
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One way to explore the complexity of
coordination is to lift a heavy weight in
your right hand (as shown in the
illustration) and slowly palpate the
pronator teres, biceps brachii, posterior
deltoid, and left erector spinae. You will
be able to feel each of these muscles as
they work in concert to lift the weight.
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• Fixators that fix attachments
of fixator or neutralizer
muscles
Figure 13-16
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Coordinating Muscle Roles
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In the soccer scenario,
what is the role of the
support muscle?
It is keeping the player
from falling to the
ground.
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Figure 13-17
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Coupled Actions
• Two separate joint actions that must occur simultaneously
● Abduction of the arm 180 degrees relative to the trunk really consists of
two separate coupled joint actions.
● What are they?
The two separate coupled joint actions are abduction of the arm at the
13-18 scapula at the scapulocostal
shoulder joint and upward rotationFigure
of the
joint.
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