Transcript Health Sciences 1101 Medical Terminology

Health Sciences 1101
Medical Terminology
Module 10
The Musculoskeletal
System
Basic Musculoskeletal Terms
Intro Video
Orthopedics: The branch of medicine
concerned with the prevention,
diagnosis, care and treatment of
disorders of the musculoskeletal system.
Orthopedists or orthopedic surgeons:
Physicians who specialize in orthopedics.
Osteopathic physician (DO): A physician
with much of the same function as a
medical doctor (MD) but who takes a
more holistic approach that includes
proper alignment of bones, muscles,
ligaments, and nerves.
Chiropractics: A system of therapy based
on the theory that disease is caused by
pressure on the nerves. Chiropractic
treatment most often involves physical
manipulation of the spine.
Musculoskeletal Anatomy Terms
Tissue Types
Oste/o: bone
Fasci/o: band or fascia
Fibr/o: fiber or fibrous tissue
Leiomy/o: smooth muscle
Muscul/o or my/o: muscle
Myel/o: Bone marrow or spinal
cord
Ten/o, tend/o or tendin/o: tendon
Chondr/o: cartilage
Musculoskeletal Anatomy Terms
Skeletal System – upper extremities
Phalang/o: phalanges (bones
of the fingers or toes)
Metacarp/o: metacarpus
(hand bones)
Carp/o: carpus (wrist bones)
Humer/o: humerus
*scapul/o, clavicul/o, radi/o,
uln/o etc.
Musculoskeletal Anatomy Terms
Skeletal System – lower extremities
Phalang/o: phalanges (bones of
the fingers or toes)
Calcane/o: calcaneum (heel bone)
Fibul/o: fibula (smaller outer bone
of the lower leg)
Tibi/o: tibia (larger inner bone of
the lower leg)
Patell/o: patella (kneecap)
Femor/o: femur (thigh bone)
Pelv/i or pelv/o: pelvis
Muscles and Bones
Muscles attach to other
muscles by ligaments
Muscles are attached to
bones by tendons.
Contraction of the muscle
moves bones at the
joint.
In this example, when the
arm muscle (E) contracts,
the elbow joint (F) flexes,
and the hand (L) is lifted.
Musculoskeletal Anatomy Terms
Skeletal System – axial skeleton
Cervic/o: neck
Cost/o: ribs
Crani/o: cranium or skull
Spondyl/o or vertebr/o:
vertebra (backbone)
Lamin/o: lamina (part of
vertebral arch)
Stern/o: sternum (breastbone)
Cervix - “neck”
Thorax - “chest”
Lumbar - “loin”
Sacral - “holy”
 5 sacral vertebrae, fused
Coccyx - “tailbone”
Other Important
Musculoskeletal Terms
Orth/o: straight
Ankyl/o: stiffness, bent, crooked
Arthr/o: joint
-clasia or -clast: to break
-desis: binding or fixation of a bone
or joint
-malacia: softening
-physis: growth
-porosis: porous
Musculoskeletal Pathology Terms
Strain: Trauma to a
muscle from overuse
or excessive forcible
stretch
Sprain: Trauma to a
joint that causes injury
to the surrounding
ligaments
Tendonitis:
Inflammation of a
tendon usually caused
by injury or overuse
Musculoskeletal Pathology Terms
Musculotendinous injury:
damage to the muscles and
tendons. Rotator cuff tears
are a good example. The
cause of this is complete
abduction of the shoulder,
followed by a rapid and
forceful rotation and flexion of
the shoulder
Crepitation: Grating sound
made by movement of bone
ends rubbing together
Musculoskeletal Pathology Terms
Contracture: Fibrosis of
connective tissue in skin,
fascia, muscle or joint
capsule preventing normal
mobility
Torticollis: Spasmodic
contraction of the neck
muscles causing stiffness
and twisting of the neck.
Myasthenia gravis: An
autoimmune neuromuscular
disorder characterized by
muscular weakness and
progressive fatigue.
Musculoskeletal Pathology Terms
Osteoporosis: Decrease in bone
density and an increase in
porosity. Bones become brittle
and the risk of fractures
increases.
Rheumatoid arthritis: Chronic,
systemic disease characterized
by inflammatory changes in
joints and related structures.
Results in crippling deformities.
Gout: Hereditary metabolic
disease that is a form of acute
arthritis. Characterized by
excessive uric acid in the blood
and around joints.
Musculoskeletal Pathology Terms
Ewing Sarcoma: Malignant
growth found in the shaft of
long bones that spreads to the
periosteum
Paget Disease of Bone: Skeletal
disease of the elderly with
chronic inflammation of bones.
Results in thickening and
softening of bones and bowing
of long bones. Also called
Osteitis deformans
Musculoskeletal Pathology Terms
Rickets: Softening of the
bones due to vitamin D
deficiency, most often
seen in children. Vitamin
D is required for calcium
absorption.
Talipes equinovarus:
Congenital deformity of
the foot. Also called
clubfoot.
Muscular Dystrophy: Group
of hereditary diseases
characterized by gradual
atrophy and weakness of
muscle tissue. Duchenne
type is the most common.
Musculoskeletal Pathology Terms
Kyphosis: Increased curvature of
the thoracic section of the
vertebral column. Can cause
hunchback or humpback.
Lordosis: Forward curvature of
the lumbar spine. Sometimes
called swayback.
Scoliosis: Lateral curvature of
the spine.
Ankylosing spondylitis: Chronic
inflammatory disease of
unknown origin that first
affects the spine and is
characterized by fusion and
loss of mobility of two or more
vertebrae; also called
rheumatoid spondylitis
Musculoskeletal Pathology Terms
Ankylosing spondylitis: Chronic
inflammatory disease of
unknown origin that first
affects the spine and is
characterized by fusion and
loss of mobility of two or more
vertebrae; also called
rheumatoid spondylitis.
Spondylolisthesis:
Partial forward dislocation of
one vertebra over the one
below it, most commonly the
fifth lumbar vertebra over the
first sacral vertebra; also called
spinal cord compression
Musculoskeletal Pathology Terms
Herniated disk: Herniation or
rupture of the nucleus
pulposus (center gelatinous
material within an
intervertebral disk) between
two vertebrae.
Carpal tunnel syndrome: Pain or
numbness resulting from
compression of the median
nerve within the carpal tunnel
(wrist canal).
Sequestrum: Fragment of
necrosed (dead) bone that
has become separated from
surrounding tissue
Musculoskeletal Pathology Terms
Osteoporosis: Increased
osteoclastic activity
leading to decreased
bone density.
Osteosclerosis: Hardening
of the bones (too much
osteoblastic activity)
Osteomalacia: Softening of
the bones (too much
osteoclastic activity)
Musculoskeletal Pathology Terms
Subluxation: Partial or complete
dislocation
Fractures
Compound/open: A fracture
in which the broken end of a
bone has been moved, so that
it pierces the skin. There may
be extensive damage to
surrounding blood vessels,
nerves, and muscles
Impacted: Type of fracture in
which broken ends of bone are
forced into one another.
Musculoskeletal Diagnosis and Treatment
Diagnosis is almost always
made through the use of
radiography. Don’t forget
the radiography terms as
well as the directional
terms.
Arthrocentesis: Puncture of a
joint space with a needle to
remove fluid.
Arthroplasty: Surgical
reconstruction of a joint.
Total hip replacement:
Replacement of the head of
the femur and acetabulum
with metal components to
make a new hip joint