Transcript Structure and Function of Living Things

What is micro – bio - logy?
micro =
bio
=
ology =
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How well do you
know your stems?
Structure and Function of Living Things
Microbiology: a basic science that explores or studies
microscopic organisms including viruses, bacteria, protozoa,
parasites and some fungi and algae
micro = microscopic
bio = living
ology = the study of
Name That Image
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Name That Image
1. chlorophyll
2. louse
3. algae
4. mitochondria
5. bacteria
6. plankton
Fact or Fiction… What do you think?
1. Biotechnology is a basic science that explores microscopic organisms
including viruses, bacteria, protozoa, parasites and some fungi and
algae.
2. Viruses need a host cell to reproduce.
3. Bacterial and viral infections are treated with antibiotics.
4. A parasite is an organism that lives on or in another individual
known as the “host” while feeding on the host; it may or may not kill
the host.
5. A “pandemic” is when an illness is in a widespread area (usually
worldwide) rather than confined to a particular location or region
and affects global populations.
Bacteria
1.
Prokaryotic (single-celled) organisms; no membrane bound nucleus
2.
Can live in a variety of places (with or without O2, extreme hot or cold)
3. Reproduce through binary fission (asexual reproduction); can grow and
divide extremely rapidly under optimal conditions; can double very
quickly (graph analysis activity)
4.
Shapes: rod, spherical, spiral
5. Bacterial infections are treated with antibiotics; overuse of antibiotics has
led to “antibiotic resistance” (when mutant bacteria survive antibiotic
treatment and give rise to resistant populations)
Why may the development of “antibiotic resistant” bacteria be harmful to
humans?
“Understanding Bacteria: Part I and II”
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Lab: Antibiotic Resistance
“Bacterial Diseases Chart”
* “Compare and Contrast Viruses and Bacteria”
* “Biology of Bacteria”
1. As time passes, what pattern do you observe with the reproduction of bacteria?
2. What is the relationship between “Number of cells” and “Time”?
3. What affect does temperature have on the reproduction of bacteria?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6-chXVgu8Z0 YouTube Steve Spangler growing bacteria 4:03
plants infected by bacteria
Viruses
1.
Non-living particles composed of a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
2.
Need a host cell to reproduce (demonstration)
3.
Use enzymes and organelles of host cell to make more viruses usually
killing the host cell
4.
Active (i.e. flu) reproduce quickly vs. Inactive (i.e. HIV) viruses reproduce
more slowly
5.
Modes of Transmission (bacteria or viruses): direct contact, water, body fluids, airborne,
vector ( carries the pathogen without getting the illness) or carrier (carries the
pathogen and can get the illness)
6.
Vaccines (weakened form of pathogen) and some anti-viral drugs may control or
prevent the spread
7.
Active immunity: you make antibodies (i.e. hepatitis, measles, etc.); Passive
immunity; antibodies are injected (passed) into you (i.e. rabies)
8.
Viral diseases: rabies, influenza (flu), AIDS, common cold, HPV, hepatitis, and more
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UEKS4w9bfJg “Introduction to Viruses” 5:46
Viral Replication
NPR virus program:
http://www.npr.org/blogs/krulwich/2011/06/01/114075029/flu-attack-how-a-virus-invades-your-body 3:24 min.
1.
If you are infected with one of these viruses and are prescribed an
antibiotic, how long do you think it will take for the antibiotic to
destroy the virus?
Viruses & Plants
Tomato Mosaic on Tomato
Plant
Tomato Mosaic Virus
Tobacco Mosaic on Cucumbers
“The Biology of Viruses” 18:00
(Skip 4 lines between each question.)
1. Why did it take so long for scientists to discover viruses?
2. How do viruses invade our bodies?
3. What affect may viruses have on plants?
4. What defenses do we have against viruses?
5. What does it mean when pathogens are “cultured”?
“Science in Action Virus Mutation” 3:39
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X3dSYA64ZRc
Key Points
- antigen: a substance that when
introduced into the body
stimulates the production of an
antibody
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mutation: genetic changes
emerging: new strains
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resistance: Resistance means that
a pathogen (virus, bacteria, etc.)
has changed in such a way that
medications are ineffective in
preventing the pathogen from
reproducing
Size Comparisons
http://www.brainpop.com/games/youmakemesick/ “You Make Me Sick” pathogen activity
Modes of Transmission
bacteria, virus, fungus, parasite, protist, etc.
What organism does the pathogen infect?
How does the pathogen enter the body?
Transmission Activity with Objects (Germ Glo)
What transmitted the pathogen?
How is the pathogen transmitted?
Lab: Growing Bacteria in Agar
Mike Rowe YouTube Program
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bathroom:
dog’s mouth:
cough/sneeze:
2:22 minutes http://dsc.discovery.com/tv-shows/curiosity/topics/dirty-bathroom.htm
3:08 minutes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FGI750uwius
2:51 minutes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dy1D3d1FBcw
The True Story of Typhoid Mary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bYjsmjgtgG4 7:54
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8JPCZOb7z2w PBS NOVA 51:16
Fungi
1.Eukaryotic (multicellular), nonphotosynthetic organisms
2.Most are multicellular heterotrophs (consume food); unicellular ones include
yeasts, molds, and mildews
3.Reproduction:
- most reproduce both sexually and asexually (producing spores)
providing adaptive advantage;
- with a favorable environment, rapid asexual reproduction ensures
an increased spread of species;
- during environmental stress, sexual reproduction ensures genetic
recombination increasing the likelihood that offspring will be
better adapted to the new environmental conditions.
4.May attack tissues of living plants and animals causing disease; food
sources may also be affected creating competition between humans and
fungi
5. Mold spores (airborne) can cause allergies in humans
6. Are decomposers (break down organic matter)
Athlete's foot (tinea pedis or foot ringworm)
Tinea corporis (under skin)
Grey mold on raspberries
About 80 percent of plant diseases can be traced to fungi.
Smut—a fungus—on corn
Decomposers are the last stop on the food chain, they consume the things no one else wants to.
Decomposers many times consume dead things from the ground in order to get nutrients.
Some of the most common decomposers are bacteria, worms, slugs, snails, and fungi (like
mushrooms).
Parasites
1.An organism that lives on or in another individual known as the
“host” while feeding on the host; may or may not kill host
2.Natural selection “Survival of the Fittest” favors adaptations that
allow parasite to exploit (use) the host
3.Are usually specialized anatomically and physiologically (i.e.
tapeworms live in the small intestine of the host to absorb nutrients
and do not have a digestive system, hooks on hookworms
4.Infectious diseases (can be spread) linked to parasites living in
intestines, bloodstream or tissues (“Monsters Inside Me”)
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“Parasitism in fluke worms”
Poster Project
http://www.theguardians.com/Microbiology/gm_mbi01.htm#study
http://animal.discovery.com/tv-shows/monsters-inside-me/videos/flesh-eating-hookworm.htm
(YouTube video about hookworm transmission) 2:07 min.
Parasites that Infect Humans
http://www.treehugger.com/slideshows/clean-technology/9-human-parasites-you-dont-want-along-for-the-ride/#slide-top
slideshow ( show 1-8)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FOXvLZHe9DM “5 Scariest Parasites” 3:25
What is the relationship between population density and transmission
of pathogens? (Bikini Bottom Demonstration)
1. Which class period, 3rd or
4th , has a higher population
density?
2. Mrs. Mudd is infected with
the influenza virus. If she
teaches both 3rd and 4th
periods, the students in
which class will most likely
be contaminated with the
influenza virus? Why?
3. What may be possible
modes of transmission for
the influenza virus?
4. Is Mrs. Mudd a vector or
carrier of the illness?
Explain.
3rd
Period
Mrs. Mudd
4th Period
5. How may the transmission
of the virus be eliminated or
reduced?
Parasite Information : Name _________________________________ Class _______
Name of Parasite: ________________________
Image
Parasite Information
1. Associated Diseases:
2. Mode(s) of Transmission:
3. Method of Prevention:
4. Where outside of the body does the parasite
live?
5. Symptoms of Infection:
Guidelines:
1. Put your information on a ½ - 1 page piece of copy paper or card stock.
2. On the right side, add information for each of the 6 areas.
3. Put a heading for each of the 5 areas.
4. Do not use loose leaf paper.
5. They can be done on the computer or by hand.
6. Use landscape format.
7. Save your work in the “Mudd” folder on the S drive/Student Share in your class folder.
[ Computer g S drive g StudentShare g Mudd folder g class period folder
Spread of Disease: Outbreak
Outbreak: happens when a disease occurs in greater numbers
than expected in a community or region, or during a season
- May occur in one community or even extend to several
countries
- Can last from days to years
- Sometimes a single case of a contagious disease is
considered an outbreak (with unknown or rare cases)
- Outbreaks may be considered as an “epidemic” or
“pandemic”.
What is the relationship between population density and
spread of disease?
Epidemic: an illness or health-related issue showing
up in more cases than would normally be expected
• Occurs when an infectious disease spreads rapidly to many people
(i.e. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) 2003, malaria in
Africa,
• Population density affects the spread of disease (demonstration)
As a class, demonstrate an increase in population density followed by a
decrease in population density. You all receive a “bonus grade” if this
task is correctly accomplished within 2 minutes.  (Noise level 2)
Pandemic: typically is in a widespread area (usually
worldwide) rather than confined to a particular location or
region and affects global populations
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Diseases may start as epidemics and become pandemics
*influenza (flu)
* Swine flu started in Mexico City as an epidemic and has become a
pandemic (New Zealand, Israel, Scotland and others)
* Spanish flu (1918): 40-50 million died
* Asian flu (1957): 2 million killed
* Hong Kong flu (1968): 1 million killed
* Black Plague
- An influenza (flu) pandemic occurs when a new subtype of virus arises (mutation)
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If people have not been exposed to pathogens (viruses or bacteria) before, their
immune systems are not ready to fight it off and more people become ill
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Pandemics do not always mean millions of death; it means a geographically
widespread epidemic (worldwide)
Transmission: affects of air travel; modes of transmission; population density
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