Transcript LAB 304 Lecture 1x

LAB 304
Lecture \ 1
Learning objectives
 To know what is the lab department and it is roles.
 List the lab sections and their function.
 Identify some lab equipments and their uses.
 To understand the meaning of ( safety rules ).
 General Safety Procedures.
 Rules of Obtaining the Specimen.
Introduction to laboratory department & blood bank
department
 Definition :
laboratory medicine : is the branch of medicine which
provide physicians and other healthcare professionals
with information to :
1- detect disease or predisposition of a disease .
2- confirm or reject a diagnosis .
3- establish prognosis .
4- guide patient management .
5- monitor efficacy therapy .
6- direct prevention of disease and health care planning .
Introduction to laboratory department & blood bank
department
 Blood Bank ( transfusion medicine ) :
is a multidisciplinary specialty encompassing all aspects of
blood donation , blood component preparation , serology
( antibody screening ) , and blood transfusion therapy .
Introduction to laboratory department & blood bank
department
 Sections/branches : they are different among hospitals
1- blood bank : offering cross match, antibody detection,
donor screening , providing blood & blood component
2- clinical biochemistry : offering a wide range of chemistry
parameters including :
• enzymology, toxicology and endocrinology.
3- histopathology & cytopathology : giving the service of
cytology & biopsy report for all the tissue .
Introduction to laboratory department & blood bank
department
4- hematology : offering routine CBC , coagulation profile
and bone marrow aspirate .
5- microbiology : offering the gram’s stain , culture &
sensitivity . In some hospitals it is offering Z.N stain .
6- parasitology : routine exam of stool & urine .
7- serology & virology : screening of hepatitis , HIV, and
other serology test .
8- receiving section : receives the samples from all wards
Introduction to laboratory department & blood bank
department
 Lab equipments :
1- Autoclave :
is an instrument used to
sterilize equipment and
supplies by subjecting
them to high pressure
saturated steam at 121 °C
for around 15–20 minutes depending
on the size of the load and the contents
Introduction to laboratory department & blood bank
department
2- Incubator :
is a device used to grow
and maintain
microbiological cultures
or cell cultures.
The incubator maintains
optimal temperature,
humidity and other
conditions such as the
(CO2) and O2 content of the atmosphere inside.
Introduction to laboratory department & blood bank
department
3- Centrifuge
The centrifuge works using
the sedimentation principle,
where the centripetal acceleration
causes more dense substances to
separate out along the bottom of the tube
& lighter objects will tend to
move to the top of the tube .
Introduction to laboratory department & blood bank
department
4- Biosafety cabinet
is an enclosed, ventilated
Laboratory workspace for safely
working with materials
contaminated with
pathogens requiring
a defined biosafety level.
Introduction to laboratory department & blood bank
department
5- Pipette (micro pipette)
is a laboratory tool used to transport a measured volume
of liquid.
Introduction to laboratory department & blood bank
department
6- Petri dish
is a shallow glass or
plastic cylindrical
lidded dish .
• Agar plate : is a Petri dish partially
filled with growth medium
Usually warm liquid
containing agar and
a mixture of specific
ingredients . After the
agar cools and solidifies,
the dish is ready to receive
a microbe-laden sample in
a process known as inoculation
or "plating".
Introduction to laboratory department & blood bank
department
7- water bath
10- mixer
8- mouth pipette 9- plastic pipette
11- microscope
12- Cuvette
Safety rules
 DEFINITION:
 Safety is the control of recognized hazards to achieve an
acceptable level of risk.
 This can take the form of being protected from the event
or from exposure to something that causes health or
economical losses. It can include protection of people or
of possessions.
Safety rules
 Always behave responsibly
 General Safety Procedures
1- All department employees report defective equipment, unsafe
conditions, acts or safety hazards to supervisor.
2- Keep electrical cords clear of passageways.
3- All equipment and supplies must be properly stored. Heavy
items not stored on top shelves.
4- Scissors, knives, pins, razor blades and other sharp
instruments safely stored and used.
Safety rules
5- All electric machines with heat producing elements turned off
when not in use.
6- Minor spills, i.e., water, cleaned by the employee who
discovers the spill. Major spills cleaned by Environmental
Services Department.
Safety rules
 7- Obey warning signs.
Ionizing Radiation
General Caution
High Voltage
Flammable
Toxic ( Poison )
Laser Radiation
Biohazard
Irritant
Non-ionizing Radiation
Explosion risk
Hot Surface
Environmental Hazard
Oxidizer
Low Temperature
Corrosive
Safety rules
8- Wear suitable clothing
9- Keep hands away from
sample needles and probes
in the instrument chambers.
Safety rules
10- Equipments not left standing in traffic lanes.
11- Do not obstruct fire equipment. Know location of firefighting
equipment and how to use it. Know evacuation routes and
what to do in case of fire.
12- All Clinical Laboratory materials, bottles, specimens, etc.,
shall be plainly labeled.
13- Mouth pipetting is prohibited.
14- Disposable gloves must be worn as indicated.
Safety rules
15- Any working area that becomes contaminated, cleaned
immediately with a disinfecting solution.
16- Any specimen of blood, urine, sputum, saliva, other body
fluid or tissue must be regarded as potentially infectious.
Safety rules
 Rules of obtaining the Specimen
1- Always use Standard Precautions.
2- Avoid contact of open skin lesions with blood.
3- Hands are to be washed if they become contaminated with
blood while taking specimens.
Safety rules
4- Do not bend needles after use. Do not reinsert used needles
in their original containers. Place used needles in the
puncture-resistant container provided for disposal needles.
5- Gloves and lab coats are to be worn while obtaining all
specimens.
6- After removing gloves and lab coat wash hands thoroughly.