Transcript 슬라이드 1
Disposal of Dead Animals and Birds 20044965 안재범 Introduction Three important factors to keep in mind ⑴ Disease should not be spread ⑵ A public nuisance should not be created ⑶ Toxic chemicals should be kept out of the food chain Many methods of disposal ⑴ by a licensed disposal plant : with trucks to pick up the dead animals ⑵ by burying : covered by at least 4 feet of earth ⑶ by burning : if there ins no violation of ordinances ⑷ other methods approved by vet. Health Aspects of Disposal More than 150 infectious disease are naturally transmitted between vertebrates and man. The safety course : one of the methods approved by state laws It is best to treat the animal as though it died of an infectious agent. Responsibility of putting examined organs back in body cavity and suturing the skin together rests with the vet. Keeping in mind that we must allow vet. access to do a necropsy on many of animals so that diagnoses may be made for proper treatment of in-contact animals and for disease surveillance. Disposal of Dead Animals In the next few years, disposing of dead animals will become more difficult. : to be that fewer and fewer land fill areas are available for such use. Rendering plants can be used, but because of public opinion, this is not always feasible. in recent years, the air pollution situation has made it uneconomical for local animal hospitals to remodel or build state certified crematories. The costs are estimated to vary from $15,000 to $40,000 Method – Sanitary Land Fills Sanitary land fills provide a method for final disposal of solid wastes on land. There is no one disinfectant effective against all pathogens. Chemicals may not be practical to use on large animals because of the quantity required and cost Method - Burning Burning animals is difficult and most cases is limited to baby pigs, young chicks, and poults. : It is too time-consuming and costly to burn large animals, because the carcasses must be completely burned to white ash. Whether in an incinerator or open pit, creates obnoxious odors. Burning dead animals on brush using old tires, etc. is not recommended. : Half consumed carcass that attracts dogs or wild animals and is a potential source for spreading disease. Method – Rendering Plant Plants are properly equipped to handle dead animals in an efficient and safe manner. Unfortunately, rendering plants are not located in strategically desired places for livestock producers to dispose of animals and for this reason, other methods may be necessary. Method – Buring or Disposal Pit A suitable burial site, proper materials, and necessary equipment are important. Avoid location up-slope from water sources – wells, springs, or streams The entire carcass should be buried at least 4 feet below the surface and covered with 4 feet of earth. Even though surface water is diverted away, carcasses should be covered to avoid water ponding in the excavation. It is not necessary to require a pit drain, however it is more important to keep water out of the pit than provide the drain. Livestock Waste Disposal Regulations – The Vet.’s Role It is incumbent on vet. to think in terms of the zoonotic and environmental impact of operations with which they are involved, and to advise their clients along lines that will enable them to stay out of trouble with their neighbors and government agencies and to stay in business. “Coming to” theory : If you choose to come to my area and are made uncomfortable by the operation I am carrying on, it is your own fault. Vet. In mixed or large animal practices should be particularly concerned. Incinerators Determination of an incinerator design depends on the physical and chemical properties of the material to be destroyed. When the cadaver is exposed to heat, a definite sequence in the destructive process takes place. ⑴ Hair and fur flash off immediately ⑵ Fat : the burning of the fat and the elevated temperature of the furnace cause fatty material to vaporize faster than the volume of the furnace will permit combustion ⑶ Dehydration : consumes a major portion of the energy cost involved in operating an incinerator ⑷ Bone : at high temperature lose the organic binders that give form and structure to their basic calcareous composition, then disperse into powder. ⑸ Gas : all gases leaving the process must have been heated to at least 1350℉(732℃) Incinerators A strong point in favor of incineration : It makes available a definite and immediate method of destruction. One limiting factor in incineration : the cost incurred in building a heavy duty unit that can incinerate the wide range of materials Bird Carcass Disposal Sick birds with discharges from body openings should be euthanatized and removed from the premises. Some birds may be taken to a reference laboratory and utilized for diagnostic purpose; others can be disposed of by one of several methods to prevent disseminating disease. Whether losses are severe or normal expected mortalities, all carcasses should be disposed of by one of the following methods to prevent disease dissemination. Method Incineration or Burning : The surest way of destroying infectious material Burial : Using a backhoe, dig a deep narrow trench, where each day’s collection can be deposited and covered until the trench is filled. Pit or Tank · For small losses and normal attrition, a decomposition pit can be used. · Heat(37.8℃) and mesophilic bacteria digest all but bones within two weeks in an electrically-heated septic tank Rendering : Freshly dead poultry, like livestock, can be rendered into fertilizer or other products. Summary Vet. may be brought into making recommendations for animal or bird disposal, whether by burial, incineration, or by local rendering services. : Be sure to check local and state codes before making recommendations.