Transcript Power Notes - Delmar Cengage Learning

Unit II
Health Care: National and
International Perspectives
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Chapter 3
National and International Health
Perspectives
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Population Health
• Historical perspectives
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Decline in deaths from infectious diseases
Increase in deaths from chronic diseases
Increase in individuals living with disabilities
Chapter 3
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Determinants of health in
populations
• Factors
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Individual
Familial
Social
Environmental
• How do these factors influence the health
of populations?
Chapter 3
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Environmental challenges –
global perspective
Impact on population health
• Global atmospheric change
• Ecotoxicity
• Depletion of natural resources
Chapter 3
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Measuring Health Status
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Global burden of disease
Disability adjusted life year
Life expectancy
Risk factor surveillance
Global mortality estimates
Chapter 3
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Leading Causes of Death
Worldwide
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53.9 million deaths worldwide
31% due to cardiovascular diseases
25% due to infectious diseases
13% due to cancers
11% due to injuries
Chapter 3
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Maternal and Women’s Health
Issues
• Majority of maternal deaths occur in
developing countries
• Role of prevention in decreasing maternal
death rates
• Provision of necessary health care
services
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Family planning
Maternity care
Neonatal care
Chapter 3
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Health of Infants and Small
Children
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Decreased infant mortality rate globally
Infant mortality trends in the U.S.
Low birth weight infants
Teen pregnancy
Malnutrition
Chapter 3
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Health of Older Children and
Adolescents
• HIV/AIDS
• Teen pregnancy
• Tobacco
Chapter 3
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Health Trends and Patterns
• Infectious diseases
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13 million deaths worldwide in 1999
Developing countries more severely impacted
Tuberculosis
HIV/AIDS
Malaria
Chapter 3
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Tuberculosis
• Single largest cause of death in mid 19th
century
• 2.9 million deaths annually
• Resurgence of TB in 1990s
• Major global health concern
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Acquired Immunodeficiency
Syndrome
• Global epidemic
• 2.6 million deaths in 1999 (APHA, 2000)
• 5.6 million individuals newly infected in
1999 (APHA, 2000)
Chapter 3
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Malaria
• 300 – 500 million cases annually
• 1 million deaths each year
• Primarily endemic in poverty stricken
nations
Chapter 3
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Other Major Causes of Death
and Disability
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Injuries and accidents
Chronic diseases
Cancer
Tobacco use
Obesity
Alcohol abuse
Chapter 3
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Mental Illness and Mental
Disorders
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Major contributor to disability
Major depression
Alcohol dependence
Bipolar affective disorder
Schizophrenia
Dementia
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Chapter 3
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World Mental Health
Perspectives
• Lack of adequate mental health care
• Undue suffering and premature death
Chapter 3
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Violence
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Homicide
Cycle of violence
Goal is to break the cycle
Role of community health nurse
Chapter 3
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Population Characteristics –
Projected Changes
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Decline in fertility
Decline in mortality rates
Growth of elderly population
Increased population growth in developing
nations
Chapter 3
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What is the impact of population
changes on health care
demands?
Chapter 3
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Community Health Nursing Role
• Intervention at individual, family, and
aggregate levels
• Public health
• Disease prevention
• Health promotion
• Build partnerships to create healthier
communities
• Participate in policy making
• International focus
Chapter 3
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