Transcript Concepts of Prevention

In the Name of Allah Most
Beneficent and Most Merciful.
CONCEPT OF PREVENTION
The goals of medicine are to promote
health, to preserve health, to restore
health when it is impaired, and to
minimize suffering and distress. These
goals are embodied in the word
“prevention”.
Levels of Prevention
Primordial prevention
 Primary prevention
 Secondary prevention
 Tertiary prevention
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Level of prevention
1. Primordial Prevention:
Prevention of the emergence or development of
risk factors in communities or population groups in
which they have not yet appeared. i.e. Smoking,
weight gain due to high cholesterol in take etc.
2. Primary Prevention:
Primary prevention can be defined as “action
taken prior to the onset of disease, which removes the
possibility that a disease will ever occur”. The concept
of primary prevention is now being applied to the
prevention of chronic diseases such as coronary heart
disease, hypertension and cancer based on
elimination or modification of “risk factors” of disease.
Level of prevention
3. Secondary prevention;
Secondary prevention can be defined as “action
which halts the progress of a disease at its incipient
stage and prevents complication”.
Secondary prevention is largely the domain of clinical
medicine.
4. Tertiary prevention:
Tertiary prevention can be defined as “all
measures available to reduce or limit impairments and
disabilities, minimize suffering caused by existing
departures from good health and to promote the
patient’s adjustment to irremediable conditions”.
MODES OF INTERVENTIN
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“Intervention” can be defined as any attempt to
intervene or interrupt the usual sequence in
the development of disease in man.
Health promotion
Specific protection
Early diagnosis and prompt treatment
Disability limitation
Rehabilitation
MODES OF INTERVENTIN
Health promotion
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Health Education
Environmental Modifications
Nutritional Interventions
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Lifestyle and Behavioural Changes
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MODES OF INTERVENTIN
Specific protection
The provision of conditions for normal
mental and physical functioning of the
human being individually and in the
group. It includes the promotion of
health, the prevention of sickness and
curative and restorative medicine in all
its aspects”.
MODES OF INTERVENTIN
Early diagnosis and treatment:
Defined early detection of health impairment
as “the detection of disturbances of
homoeostatic and compensatory mechanism
while biochemical, morphological, and
functional changes are still reversible”.
Mass treatment: A mass treatment
approach is used in the control of certain
diseases, viz. yaws, pinta, bejel, trachoma
and malaria.
MODES OF INTERVENTIN
Disability limitation:
When a patient reports late in the pathogenesis
phase, the mode of intervention is disability
limitation. The objective of this intervention is to
prevent or halt the transition of the disease process
from impairment to handicap.
Concept of disability:
The sequence of events leading to disability and
handicap has been stated as follows.
Disease → impairment → disability → handicap
MODES OF INTERVENTIN
Accident …………………Disease ( or disorder)
Loss of foot………………Impairment (extrinsic or intrinsic)
Cannot walk……………...Disability (objectified )
Unemployed…………….. Handicap (socialized)
MODES OF INTERVENTIN
Rehabilitation:
It includes all measures aimed at
reducing the impact of disabling and
Handicapping conditions and at
enabling the disabled and handicapped
to achieve social integration and lead to
productive life.
PUBLIC HEALTH
The Science and art of preventing
disease, prolonging life and promoting
physical and mental health and
efficiency through organized community
efforts for the sanitation of the
environment, control of communicable
infections, education of the individuals
and the organization of medical and
nursing services for the maintenance of
health.
Hygiene
The science of health
that embraces all
factors which
contribute to healthful
living.
CHANGING PATTERN OF DISEASE
Developed countries:
Heart disease is the leading cause of
dealth in United States, being
responsible for almost 32 per cent of all
mortality. Second and third are cancer
and cerebrovascular diseases which
account for 23.5 per cent and 6.8 per
cent of deaths respectively.
CHANGING PATTERN OF
DISEASE
Developing countries:
The pattern of diseases in developing
countries is very different. In a typical
developing country, about 40 per cent of
deaths are from infectious, parasitic and
respiratory diseases, compared with
about 8 per cent in developed countries.