Transcript S. enterica (Typhimurium)

Biological Weapons Logistics
Session 4
Biological Weapons
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Bacteria
Viruses
Other microorganisms
Biological by-products
The Dalles, Oregon
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Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh
1984
Illness from 10 Restaurants
S. enterica (Typhimurium)
Supplies
– Bactrol disks, freeze dryer, incubator,
refrigerator, culture medium
Other Organisms Examined
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S. typhi
Giardia lamblia
HIV
Hepatitis
What Does it Take
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Intent
Equipment
Expertise
Time
Target
Intent
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Political
Religious
Armageddon
Disruptive Aspects
Hatred
Homicide
Equipment (Production Only)
• Growth Substrate
– Bacteria/Fungi
– Viruses
• Floor Space
• Refrigerator
• Growth Chamber
– Bacteria/Fungi
– Viruses
Equipment
• Organisms
– ATCC
– Proficiency Organisms
– Shared Organisms
– Environment
• Disposables
• Protection
Expertise
• Rajneeshees
– RN, RFNP – Ma Anand Puja
• Aum Shinrikyo
– Biochemists, Biologists, Physicists,
Engineers
– Seichi Endo - Microbiologist
What Japanese Officials Found
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Culture media
Extensive library
Clean room/air lock
90 tons Methanol
50 tons diethylaniline
180 tons phosphorous
trichloride
• 550 kg of iodine
What Japanese Officials Found
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Phosphorous pentachloride
Sodium fluoride
51 tons of isopropyl alcohol
160 drums of peptone
Dozens of other chemicals and
pieces of equipment
Time
Time is paired to some degree with the
secluded nature of the operation. The
Rajneeshees has a secret biological weapons
lab, as did Aum Shinrikyo. Aum also
possessed a test ranch in Australia where
chemical weapons were tested on sheep.
Target
• Individual
– Bulgarian SS – Georgi Markov
– Aum Shinrikyo
– 2001 Bacillus anthracis
• Indiscriminate
– The Dalles, Oregon (confined population)
– Today’s fears
• Other Organisms
Dissemination
Aside from conscience and fear of
boomerang effect, this factor alone
probably accounts for the reason we
have not seen a wide scale event.
We will get back to this point.
What Is a “Good” Agent?
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Infectivity
Pathogenicity
Virulence
Toxicity
Transmissibility
Incubation
Infectivity
• Ability to grow in a host
• Everyone is “infected”
• Not everyone has disease
– Natural Defense
– Opportunistic organisms
Pathogenicity
• Ability to cause disease
• Two main routes of disease
(bacteria)
– Production of toxins
– Invasion of tissue
• Action of viruses
– Destruction of cells
– Interference with physiology
Virulence
• How likely infection will lead to death
– LD50
Toxicity
• The ability to damage by toxins
– Endotoxins – gram negative organisms
• Salmonella, Shigella, Pseudomonas, Neisseria
– Exotoxins – may be gram neg. or pos.
• Botulinum toxin
• S. aureus
Transmissibility
• Escape from host
• Movement to new host
• Infection of new host
The ability of a disease to be passed on
to a new host.
Transmissibility
• Person-to person
– Direct – STDs
– Indirect – Infectious nuclei
• Vectors
– Rodents, insects
• Environment
– Wives’ tale – The Rusty Nail
Incubation
• Time from exposure to symptoms
• Asymptomatic/Contagious
– Rhinovirus
– Typhus, Shigella, Hep A, Norwalk virus
– Staph. aureus
Incubation
• Defenses
– Macrophagial response
• Bacillus anthracis
• Stage 1 disease – 1 to 6 days
• Stage 2 disease – up to 60 days
Dissemination
• Environmental Sustainability
– Nutrition
– UV Light
– Heat
– Cold
– Hydrolysis
– Other Physical Factors
Dissemination
• Direct Inoculation
– Ricin tipped umbrella
– Salad bar contamination
• Indirect Inoculation
– Timed release (like in module 2
reading)
Tox/Epi Exposure Routes
• Respiratory
– Smallpox or anthrax
• Dermal
– T2 Mycotoxins or anthrax
• Mucous Membranes
• Ingestion
– Salmonella
• Injection
– Assassinations or tampering
Respiratory
• Environmental Factors
• Logistics
– Delivery of organisms
– Organism + solution
Particle Size
Pollen –
50 um
Human Hair
Nuiasance Dust
90 um
Skin cell flake
10 um inhalable
PM 2.5
Respirable
Particle
Overcoming. . .
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Dispersal (Engineering)
Wind (Drift)
Gravity (Settling)
Water (Precipitation)
Temperature (Degredation)
Light (Photolysis)
Gravity/Density
<1 Indefinite suspension
1 – 3.5 hours
5 – 20 minutes
10 – 5 minutes
15 – 2.5 minutes
30 – 34 seconds
Aerosols
• Fumes - vaporized solids that
recondense into very small, solid
particles.
• Dusts - are solid aerosols formed by
mechanical means.
• Mists - are liquid aerosols formed by
mechanical means.
Targeting
• Individuals
• Emotional Targets
– Schools + Daycares
• Confined Target Clusters
– Aircraft + Shopping Centers
• Mega-Clusters
– Concerts + Sporting Events
Detection
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Light Techniques
Culture
PCR (BioWatch)
Immuno-Assay
Other Chemical Analyses