Transcript Mortality trends

Outline of this unit
• Health – measuring, variations, prevention
• Food – Availability, sufficency/ deficiency,
productions and markets, imbalances,
sustainable agriculture
• Disease – global patterns, the spread/ diffusion
of disease, study of heart disease, AIDS, malaria
•This optional theme focuses on the premise that the health of a
population is the direct consequence of not having enough food, a
balanced diet and reduced susceptibility to disease.
•A topic on health introduces the theme, with detail on food and disease.
•There is a focus on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) that
challenge hunger and combat disease.
•Case studies look at the policy of prevention rather than treatment, in
one country or region.
•Factors that have led to areas of food deficiency and food insecurity are
explored, along with a recent famine.
•Explorations of famine, food aid, sustainable agriculture, and the
concept of food miles.
•The geographic factors responsible for the spread of two diseases are
investigated, along with the strategies in place to manage one of these
diseases.
Variations in Health
Variations in Health
-Describe variations in health as reflected by changes
in life expectancy national and global scales since
1950.
-Explain patterns and trends in terms of differences in
income and lifestyle.
The World Health Organisation defines
health as ‘a state of complete physical,
mental and social well-being’.
Morbidity – The level of sickness, numbers of
people who are sick, prevalence of disease.
Mortality – Numbers of people dying due to
sickness.
Epidemiology – The study of the factors affecting
the health, morbidity and mortality of populations.
Closely linked to Geography as the factors will vary
spatially and will be place specific.
Measuring Mortality
• Life Expectancy
• It is an AVERAGE.
• Pollution levels, conflict, occupation, shelter, food,
medical facilities, income, literacy.
• You can split the total population into different groups
(cohorts) to compare some of these differences within a
population.
• Rich v poor, urban v rural, male v female, ethnic groups,
age groups.
• Life expectancy figures can be affected by high IMR. If
you survive infancy you could live much longer than the
life expectancy figures suggest.
Mortality trends
• MEDCs main increase in life expectancy in late
industrial revolution. Due to improved
sanitation, water, housing, reduction in
pollution, improved medical care.
• Think back to the demographic transition
model
• In 1870 life expectancy
• Manchester - 29 years
• Sheffield – 33 years
Mortality trends
• LEDCs main increases in life expectancy
have been in the second half of twentieth
century due to improved medical care
particularly immunisation programmes
such TB and Polio, successful eradication
“Roll back Malaria” programmes in Asia
and South America.
• However, the impact of AIDS has reduced
this in some countries (eg South Africa)
Mortality trends
• Malaria continues to kill between 1 and 3
million people a year mainly in Sub
Saharan Africa.
• HIV Aids has had a huge impact on
populations.
• SARS, Asian Bird Flu, potential
pandemics (Ebola)?
HIV Aids
• Botswana , 39% adults infected, burden on females
(biologically more at risk, males with multiple partners,
female carers) ARVs now used to keep people with HIV
alive.
Epidemiological Transition Model
LEDC ____________________________________ MEDC
Infectious diseases ____________ Degenerative diseases
Diseases of Poverty ____________ Diseases of Affluence
Aids, Cholera, Tuberculosis,
Diarrhoea, Malaria, Typhoid,
Yellow fever, Dengue fever,
measles, Polio, Perinatal
deaths (in first week of life).
Cancer, Heart and
circulatory disease,
Obesity, Type two
diabetes, Alzheimer's
disease.
Disease Categories
Endogenetic (from inside)
Congenital diseases from birth and degenerative
diseases resulting from old age.
Exogenetic (from outside)
Environmental conditions, social habits and
hazards.
Exogenetic Factors LEDCS and
MEDCS compared
LEDC
Nutrition (being underweight)
The environment (unsafe water , sanitation and hygiene)
Poor living standards (indoor smoke from solid fuels –
mainly wood)
Social norms and disease such as HIV/AIDS (unsafe sex).
MEDC
Lifestyle causing high blood pressure (stress)
Physical inactivity (heart disease, diabetes)
Leisure activities (tobacco and alcohol and illicit drugs)
Nutrition (being overweight, high cholesterol levels, low fruit
and vegetable intake).
Global Variations in Health
and Income 1950
Global Variations in
Health and Income 1980
Global Variations in
Health and Income 2009
Task
• Question Block 10A page 450
• Who wants to live forever? (Worksheet)
Notes and questions
Make notes using the following resources;
Study Guide page 120 - Variations in health
Geofile GF578 Global patterns of death disease and health
Gapminder.org 200 years that changed the world
Wealth and health of nations
Graph of Life Expectancy / GDP per capita
Use your notes and the resources to answer the questions;
-Describe variations in health as reflected by changes in life
expectancy national and global scales since 1950. (4)
-Explain patterns and trends in terms of differences in income and
lifestyle. (6)