Transcript Other Infectious Diseases - Western Oregon University


What disease killed 300-500 million
people worldwide but has since been
eradicated from the human
population?

Progression:
› Rash
› Pus-filled blisters
› Disfiguration and/or
blindness
› Death rate = 30%
Man with smallpox; Public Health Images
Library. Source: CDC

The first vaccine
Edward Jenner
1749 - 1823
Made with cowpox virus
 Side effects: red spot, pustules, scabs,
leaves a scar. Fever is common, swelling.

 Fatal
complications are rare:
› 1 death per million vaccines
 1967:
WHO announces global
smallpox eradication program.
› Still 15 million new cases a year then
 1977:
Last reported naturally occurring
case in Somalia.
› Smallpox is the only disease totally
eradicated in humans

Routine vaccination discontinued in 1972

Vaccines controversial today

Project BioShield Act of 2004
Ring around the rosy,
A pocket full of posies,
Ashes… Ashes,
We all fall down!
Written in London in 1665

Great fire of London
finally killed the rats

The brown rat, house
rat, sewer rat,
Norway rat = carriers
of Bubonic Plague
Gangrene caused by plague
CDC

13 cases reported in Oregon (5 fatal)
since 1970.

Mostly spread from fleas of infected
rodents.

E. coli normally live
in the intestines.
› Most strains of e.
coli are harmless
› Harmful e. coli are
transmitted
through
contaminated
food, water, or
contact with
infected person.
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Severe stomach
cramps
Diarrhea (usually
bloody)
Vomiting
Fever (low grade)
Treatment /
Prevention

42,000 cases
reported every
year.

Causes diarrhea,
fever, abdominal
cramps

A result of
contaminated
food, water, or
contact with
infected animals.

Caused by Clostridium botulinum bacteria
Rare but serious – causes paralysis if left
untreated.
 Five types of botulism:

›
›
›
›
›
Foodborne
Wound
Infant
Adult intestinal
Iatrogenic

Symptoms include:
› Double vision, blurred vision, drooping
eyelids, slurred speech, difficulty swallowing,
dry mouth, muscle weakness.

Antitoxin is available for treatment

Proper food handling
› Especially in food preservation
› Be wary of dented, bulging cans

Botulism’s not all bad….

Caused by parasite
› Transmitted by mosquito
› Once injected into the human, the parasite
grows and multiples first in the liver and then
the red blood cells.

About 1,500 cases reported every year in
the U.S.
› From travelers and/or immigrants
› Malaria considered eradicated from U.S. in
1950’s.

3.3 billion people diagnosed worldwide
› Thrives in tropical and subtropical areas.
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
Fever
Cough
Sore throat
Runny or stuffy
nose
Muscle or body
aches
Fatigue
Headaches

Flu seasons vary from year to year

About 20% of US population infected
every year
› Higher among susceptible populations

Three main types of flu virus: Types A, B & C
› Type A causes the greatest morbidity and
mortality
 Example: H1N1 (2009 Epidemic)

Since the late 19th century, four
occurrences of pandemics
› 1889-1891; 1918-1920; 1957-1958; 1968-1969

2009; H1N1
› Was that the pandemic for our time??

Type A cycles every 50-100 years

What’s different about Type A influenza?

20-33% world’s population is infected
with TB
› Majority of the above = “Dormant TB”
 Can be dormant for 30 years
› Only 5-10% will become “active” TB

TB bacteria produces nasal discharge,
coughing, sneezing
› Airborne
Public.health.oregon.gov

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
Aureus
› Staph bacteria resistant to certain antibiotics
called beta-lactams.

Often appears as pustule or boil
› May think of a spider bite at first.
 HA-MRSA
= Health care acquired
› More serious and potentially deadly
 CA-MRSA
= Community acquired
› Anyone is at risk
Crowding
Frequent Contact
Antimicrobial
Use
Compromised Skin
(CDC, 2012)
Contaminated Surfaces
and Shared Items
Cleanliness

Newberg, Oregon…
› High schooler spread MRSA through
tattoos, several students infected.
› Mainly spread through unclean needles.

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome
Coronavirus
› April 2012 – present
› Currently under investigation
› SARS-like virus
› Symptoms: fever, cough, shortness of breath

Ebola

Flesh-eating disease

Mad cow

Kissing disease

African Sleeping Sickness

Acne

Ulcer

Bad breath

Giardia
HAV
U.S. Stats
HBV
HCV
25,000 new
infections/yr
43,000 new
infections/yr
17,000 new
infections/yr
Transmission
Ingestion of fecal
matter
Contact w/
infectious body
fluids
Contact w/
infected blood
Severity
Usually no lasting
damage, rarely
fatal
Most fully
recover;
Some develop
liver disease;
~3,000 die / yr
60-70% develop
chronic liver
disease; 1-5% will
die from liver
cancer
Vaccine?
Vaccine available
Vaccine available
No vaccine
Symptoms
CDC, 2012
Fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting,
abdominal pain, joint pain, jaundice

Human Immunodeficiency Virus = The
cause of AIDS

AIDS = the end-stage of HIV disease

What exactly is HIV / AIDS?
› How does it affect the immune system?

About 30-40 million people worldwide
are living with HIV
› How many of those live in the US?
 Approximately 1 million
› Approximately 1 in 5 of them don’t know
they have HIV
ELISA, confirmed with Western Blot
 Positive P24 antigen test
 Home tests

› Recently approved

The Affordable Care
Act of 2010
› Reduce number of new
infections
› Increase access to care
› Reduce HIV-related
disparities

2013 Budget
› Estimated $28.4 billion for
domestic and global
HIV/AIDS activities

Prevention
campaigns

Gonorrhea

Syphilis