Transcript Human Body Systems and Disease

Human Body Systems and
Disease
7th Grade Science
Standard 7-3
Organization of Living Things
The human body is divided into
specific levels of organization. These
levels are what make the human body
a complex organism.
 The levels of organization, from the
simplest structure to the most
complex are:


Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems,
organism
Organization of Living Things
Cells make up tissues
Tissues make up organs
Organs make up organ
systems
Organ Systems make up
Organisms
Way To Remember = CTO3
C = cells
T = tissues
O = organs
O = organ systems
O = organisms
Cells

Cells - The basic units of structure
and function within the human body.
 Ex. Nerve cells, blood cells, and bone
cells.
Tissues

Tissues - A group of specialized cells
that work together to perform the
same function.
4 basic types of tissue in the human
body:
 Nerve tissue—carries impulses back
and forth to the brain from the body
 Muscle tissue—contracts and
shortens, making body parts move
Tissues

Epithelial tissue—covers the
surfaces of the body, inside and
outside
 Connective tissue—connects all
parts of the body and provides
support
Tissues

Blood, an example of a tissue, is composed of
several types of cells, including red blood cells, white
blood cells, platelets, and plasma that function to
transport materials from one part of the body to
another.
Organs

Organs - Are comprised of two or
more different types of tissues that
function together to perform a
specific function.
 Ex. The heart is made of muscle and
connective tissues which function to
pump blood throughout the body.
Systems
Systems - A group of two or more
organs that work together to perform
a specific function for the human
body.
 All of the different organ systems
work together and depend on one
another.

Systems
ELEVEN ORGAN SYSTEMS
 Skeletal
(Bones)
 Digestive
(Stomach, Intestines)
 Muscular
(Muscles)
 Nervous
(Brain, Spinal cord)
 Circulatory
(Heart, Blood vessels)
 Excretory
(urinary)(Kidney)
 Respiratory
(Lungs)
 Endocrine
(Glands)
 Integumentary
(Skin)
 Immune
(lymph nodes)
 Reproductive
(ovaries, testes)
Some
Dumb
Man
Named
Cletus
Eats
Raw
Eggs
Inside
Icky
Restrooms
Circulatory System
The circulatory system - transports
nutrients, gases (for example oxygen
and carbon dioxide), hormones, and
wastes through the body.
 Heart – causes blood to flow through
the body by its pumping action

Blood Vessels
Blood vessels – tubes that carry
blood throughout the body
 Types of Blood Vessels: Arteries,
Capillaries and Veins

Types of blood vessels
Arteries – carry
oxygenated blood away
from the heart to the cells
 Capillaries - connect
arteries to veins
 Veins – carry
deoxygenated blood from
the cells back to the heart

Oxygenated & Deoxygenated

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The body cells need oxygen to function.
Taking in oxygen and transporting it to cells
are the jobs of the respiratory and
circulatory systems.
Oxygenated blood – is high in oxygen, is
red on charts and in your body, and is
usually carried by arteries
Deoxygenated blood – is low in oxygen,
blue on charts, dark red in your body, and
is usually carried by veins
Circulatory Connections

The circulatory and digestive systems
work together to ensure that
nutrients made available by digestion
get to the cells of the body.
Parts of Blood
Plasma – liquid part of blood (mostly
water) with dissolved minerals,
nutrients and oxygen carried to cells
 Red blood cells – disc shaped cells
that contain hemoglobin – a molecule
that carries oxygen and carbon
dioxide, made of an iron compound
that gives blood its red color

Parts of Blood
White blood cells – large cells that
fight bacteria, viruses and other
invaders of your body
 Platelets – irregularly shaped cell
fragments that help clot blood

The Heart

The heart pumps the blood from the
heart to the lungs back to the heart
then all over the body. View at
http://www.fda.gov/hearthealth/flash/fda_03.html
Parts of the Heart
Parts of the Heart
Atria – collecting chambers
 Ventricles – pumping chambers

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The heart at work:
http://library.med.utah.edu/kw/pharm/hyper_heart1.html
Digestive System

Digestive
System- Breaks
down and absorbs
nutrients that are
necessary for
growth and
maintenance.
Parts of the Digestive System
Mouth – Begins to break down food
into smaller pieces through
mechanical digestion; saliva in the
mouth starts the process of chemical
digestion
 Esophagus – The transport tube
that carries chewed food to the
stomach

Parts of the Digestive System

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Stomach – Continues the
process of mechanical digestion;
secretes enzymes that perform
some chemical digestion
Small Intestine – Where most
of the chemical digestion takes
place; nutrients from food are
also absorbed through the small
intestines
Parts of the Digestive System
Large Intestine - The organ where
water is absorbed from the food and
taken into the bloodstream; prepares
the remaining food material for
elimination from the body
 Rectum - a short tube that stores
solid waste until it is eliminated from
the body through the anus.

Parts of the Digestive System
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Ancillary (extra) organs of the digestive system:
Liver - produces bile which is used by the body to
break up fat particles.
Pancreas - produces enzymes that help break
down starches, proteins, and fats in the small
intestine.
Gall Bladder - stores bile produced by the liver.
Digestive System Connections
to Other Systems
The circulatory and digestive
systems work together to
ensure that nutrients made
available by digestion get to
the cells of the body.
 The digestive and excretory
systems work together to
take in materials your body
needs and gets rid of
wastes.

Respiratory System

Respiratory System - provides gas
exchange between the blood and the
environment.
 Primarily, oxygen is absorbed from
the atmosphere into the body and
carbon dioxide is expelled from the
body.
Parts of the Respiratory System
Nose – Collects air
from the
environment and
moistens and heats
the air before it
enters the Trachea
 Trachea – the
windpipe; moves air
from the nose to the
lungs

Parts of the Respiratory System

Bronchi – Tubes that move air from
the trachea to the lungs;
one bronchus leads to each lung;
 part of each bronchus is outside the lung
and part is inside


What do you think “bronchitis” is?
Parts of the Respiratory System
Lungs –organs that bring in oxygen
 Respiration – the exchange of oxygen
for carbon dioxide within the lungs
 Alveoli – tiny air sacs that make up
the lungs

Parts of the Respiratory System

Diaphragm – the dome shaped
muscle that aides in the breathing
process
Excretory (Urinary) System

Excretory System- filters out
cellular wastes, toxins and excess
water or nutrients from the circulatory
system.

There are many excretory structures:
skin (sweat), lungs (water vapor), but
the main structure is the kidney
(urine).
Parts of the Excretory
(Urinary) System

Kidneys - Get rid
of urea, excess
water, and some
other waste
materials which are
eliminated in urine
Parts of the Excretory
(Urinary) System
Ureters - Tubes which connect
each kidney to the bladder
 Bladder - A saclike muscular
organ which stores urine until it
is released from the body
 Urethra - Tube through
which urine passes before
it is removed from the
body.
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Nervous System

Nervous SystemRelays electrical
signals through the
body and directs
behavior and
movement.
Nervous System Connections

Along with the endocrine system, the
nervous system also controls
physiological processes, for example
digestion, circulation, or movement.
Brain
Brain - An organ of the central nervous
system which controls and coordinates the
body’s activities.
Three Parts of the Brain
 Cerebrum - controls thoughts, voluntary
actions, and the senses
 Cerebellum -helps with balance and
coordination.
 Brain stem - located at the base of the brain
and controls vital and involuntary processes,
for example, breathing, the beating of the
heart, and digestion.

Spinal Cord
Spinal cord – Bundle of nerves
that begins at the brain stem
and continues down the center
of the back.
 Connects with nerves outside
the central nervous system and
controls reflexes and directs
sensations to the brain.

Nerves

Peripheral nerves - A
network of nerves that branch
out from the spinal cord and
connect to the rest of the body.
The peripheral nervous system
is divided into groups called the
motor and sensory nervous
systems.
Muscular System

Muscular System- Provides
movement.
 Muscles work in pairs to move limbs
and provide the organism with
mobility.
Muscular System Connections
Muscles also control the movement of
materials through some organs, for
example the stomach and intestine,
and the heart and circulatory system.
 The muscular and skeletal systems
work together to help the body move.

Muscles
Muscles
 Voluntary- move when
you want them to
 Involuntary – move
without you thinking
about them
Three Types of Muscle
Skeletal muscles – Voluntary
muscles that are attached to bones
and provide the force needed to
move your bones
 Smooth muscles- Involuntary
muscles that control many types of
movement in the body (i.e,
digestion)
 Cardiac muscles - Involuntary
muscle that forms the heart

Skeletal System

Skeletal System -
Provides support for the
body, protects delicate
internal organs and
provides attachment sites
for the organs
Bones
Bones - Provide shape and support
for the body and protection for many
organs and structures; some bones
produce blood cells; some store
minerals
 What system(s) connects to the
skeletal system?
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Integumentary System

Skin – or epidermis – covers your
body and is the largest organ
Functions of the Skin
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Covers the body and prevents the loss of
water
Protects the body from infection and
injury
Regulates body temperature,
Excretes or gets rid of wastes (sweat)
Receives information from the
environment (senses touch, hot/cold, pain)
Produces vitamin D
Review – The relationships of
the major body systems.

Different organs systems in the
human body function together and
depend on one another for the
human body to function successfully,
even though each system performs
its own unique function.
Review Connections
Nervous System – controls all other
systems
 Circulatory System-transports

nutrients, gases (oxygen and carbon
dioxide), hormones, and wastes
through the body.
 Respiratory and Circulatory – take in
and transport oxygen
Review Connections
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Respiratory System- provides gas exchange
between the blood and the environment.
Digestive System - breakdown and absorb
nutrients that are necessary for growth and
maintenance.
Circulatory and Digestive systems - work together
to ensure that nutrients made available by
digestion get to the cells of the body.
Digestive and excretory systems - work together
to take in materials your body needs and gets rid
of wastes.
Review Connections
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Excretory System- filters out cellular
wastes, toxins and excess water or
nutrients from the circulatory system.
Muscular System- provides movement.
Muscular and Skeletal systems - work
together to help the body move
Skeletal System- provides support for
the body, protects delicate internal organs
and provides attachment sites for the
organs.
Effects of Disease on the Major
Organs and Body Systems
Disease - a condition that does not
allow the body to function normally.
 Diseases can affect either an
individual organ or an entire body
system.
 Diseases are divided into two
groups—infectious and noninfectious.
Infectious Disease

Infectious diseases – diseases
caused by a pathogen and spread an
infected organism usually through
direct contact (see below).
Pathogens

Pathogens cause infectious
diseases.
 Ex. pathogens can be bacteria,
viruses, fungi, or protists
Pathogens can come from:
 another person
 a contaminated object
 an animal bite
 or the environment
Immune System

Once a pathogen
enters the body, it
works by
damaging
individual cells
within the organs
or in some cases
attacks an entire
body system.
The Immune Response –
How Your Body Defends Itself
First Line of Defense
 Skin – keeps out pathogens
 Mucous Membranes – (nose,
throat, ears, eyes) -traps pathogens
with sticky fluid (mucous/snot)
 Cilia - (nose/throat) - filters out
pathogens
The Immune Response –
How Your Body Defends Itself
Second Line of Defense
 Inflammation – swelling – rushes
blood to infected area to get white
blood cells there to kill the pathogen
 Fever – temperature goes up to kill
pathogens
The Immune Response –
How Your Body Defends Itself
Other Defenses
 White blood cells – attack and eat
invading pathogens
 Interferon – chemical body makes
to “interfere” with a virus
 Antibodies – protein produced in
response to invading pathogen, take
up space on a cell where virus
normally attaches
Symptoms

Symptoms – things you can name
that tells you that you are sick ex.
Sore throat, fever, chills, rash, pain
Protection from Pathogens

#1 Protection method - Trying not to
“catch” them in the first place –
wash your hands, don’t take risks
(eat/drink after another person),
don’t puncture skin with dirty object
Protection from Pathogens
Vaccines – Prevent some viruses
from making you sick
 Ex. Chicken pox, small pox, mumps,
rabies, tetanus

Protection from Pathogens
Antibiotics – if you get sick with
some types of bacteria antibiotics will
kill them
 Ex. Penicillin for strep throat
 Antibiotics do not kill viruses. Bacteria
can become used to antibiotics so
stronger antibiotics have to be used
to kill them.

Infectious Diseases
Colds
 Flu
 Strep Throat
 Athlete’s Foot
 AIDS

Colds
Colds - (virus) A common cold is an
infection located in the respiratory
system.
 Cold viruses can only reproduce when
they are inside living cells.
 Cold viruses cannot reproduce on
environmental surfaces (doorknobs)
 Can be infectious and transported
from environmental surfaces to the
nose or mouth.
Flu

Flu or Influenza – (virus) a highly
contagious infection of the respiratory
system.
 Symptoms: fever, muscle aches, and
a more severe cough than the
common cold and usually last longer.
Strep Throat

Strep throat -
(bacterial) a contagious
infection of the throat
 Symptoms include
fever, pain, redness,
and swelling of the
throat and tonsils.
 Strep throat may
produce mild or severe
symptoms.
Athlete’s Foot

Athlete’s foot (fungus) infection of
the skin of the feet.
 Fungus contracted from public
environments and then grows in the
warm and moist environment usually
between the toes
 Can be difficult to get rid of without
medicine
AIDS
AIDS
Acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome
(AIDS) – (virus) caused by the
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
 Virus attacks the cells in the immune
system making the organism unable
to fight off other pathogens that may
attack the body.

Noninfectious Diseases

Noninfectious diseases are
diseases that are not caused by
pathogens in the body and are not
spread from organism to organism.
Examples:
 Cardiovascular disease
 Allergies
 Diabetes
 Cancer
Diabetes

Diabetes - Results in the glucose, or
sugar, level of the blood being higher
than the normal range.
 Caused by a person’s inability to
either produce or use properly a
natural chemical produced in the
body called insulin.
Diabetes

The higher level of blood sugar
results many disorders of the body,
for example it increases problems
with circulation of blood, and it can
lead to kidney disease and heart
disease, or cause vision problems.
Diabetes

Dialysis –a temporary treatment for
kidney failure
Asthma

Asthma - affects the lungs and the
airways that deliver air to the lungs.
Asthma
Causes periodic attacks of wheezing
and difficult breathing.
 An asthma attack occurs when the
airways become inflamed in response
to a trigger, such as dust, mold, pets,
exercise, or cold weather. However,
some attacks start for no apparent
reason

Parkinson’s Disease

Parkinson’s disease - Certain
nerve cells in the brain die or become
damaged.
Parkinson’s Disease
Does not affect everyone the same
way
 Some people develop the disease
quickly, in others it does not.
 Some people become severely
disabled others experience only minor
motor disruptions.

Parkinson’s Disease
Tremor is the major symptom for
some people, while for others tremor
is only a minor complaint and
different symptoms are more
troublesome.
 At present, there is no cure for
Parkinson's disease.
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Skin Cancer

Skin Cancer - Cancer cells are found
in the outer layers of your skin.
Skin Cancer
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Your skin protects your body against heat,
light, infection, and injury.
It also stores water, fat, and vitamin D.
Sunburn and UV light can damage your
skin, and this damage can lead to skin
cancer.
However, there are other determining
factors, including heredity and the
environment.