Transcript Pan American Health Organization

Pan American Health Organization
Pan American Sanitary Bureau
Regional Office for the Americas for the
World Health Organization
Partnerships for Advancing
Health in the Americas
Collaboration between
CDC and PAHO
David Brandling-Bennett
Pan American Health Organization
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A Brief History of PAHO
• 1902 - Established to help American republics
prevent the spread of diseases without impeding
travel or trade
• 1924 - Pan American Sanitary Code defines
functions of PAHO
• 1949 - Becomes the WHO Regional Office for the
Americas
• 1950 - Recognized as the specialized health agency
in the Inter-American system
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How Does PAHO Function?
• A presence in every country
• Country-specific and regional programs
• A technical cooperation agency, not a funding
agency
• Promotes cooperation among countries
• Relies on partnerships for technical and financial
resources
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What is Technical
Cooperation?
• Building internal capacity to address national and
regional health needs
• The functions of technical cooperation
– Training
– Setting norms and standards
– Mobilizing resources
– Disseminating information
– Research
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The Benefits of Partnership
• Skills and knowledge are mobilized and resources
are shared
• Experience builds expertise
• Common interests and approaches are developed
• Further knowledge is gained and shared
• Awareness of how to transfer and build capacity is
enhanced
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Some Areas of Collaboration
in Infectious Diseases
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Poliomyelitis
Measles
Influenza
HIV/AIDS
STIs
Tuberculosis
Dengue
Hemorrhagic fevers
Foodborne diseases
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Malaria
Chagas disease
Lymphatic filariasis
Onchocerciasis
Cysticercosis
Rabies
Plague
Equine encephalitis
Hepatitis
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Some Areas of Collaboration
in Infectious Diseases, cont’d
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Infectious disease surveillance
Response to epidemics and emergencies
Drinking water disinfection
Antimicrobial resistance
Response to emerging infections
Building public health laboratory capacity
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Some Other Collaborations
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Tobacco control
Reproductive health
Maternal mortality
Birth defects
Nutrition
Oral health
Violence
Injury surveillance,
prevention, control
Lead poisoning
• Environmental
epidemiology
• Toxic hazards
• Occupational health
• Insecticide quality
control
• Diabetes
• Blood lipids
• Physical activity
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Some Other Collaborations,
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Behavioral risk factor surveillance
Non-communicable disease surveillance
Essential public health functions
Public health performance assessment
Laboratory management and performance
Disease classification
Mortality data analysis
Geographical information systems
U.S.-Mexico border health
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Polio Eradication Progress, 1988-2001*
350,000 cases
Polio-infected countries
(map as of 27 June
2001)
253 cases*
* EPI data as of August
2001
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Vaccination coverage and reported number of
measles cases Region of the Americas,
1980-2001*#
Confirmed cases (thousands)
Catch-up campaigns
250,000
100
80
200,000
60
Follow-up campaigns
150,000
40
100,000
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50,000
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Routine infant vaccination coverage (%)
300,000
80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01
Cases
Coverage
Source: PAHO/WHO
* Data as of 18 August 2001 - 384 confirmed cases
# Coverage data for children <1 year of age
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Canada
PAHO Measles
Laboratory
Network
CDC, Atlanta
INDRE, Mexico
IPK, Cuba LHU, Haiti
LNSP, Dominican Republic
LNR, Guatemala
CCG, Panama
LCMSP, El Salvador
CNDR, Nicaragua
LR, Costa Rica
INS, Colombia
CAREC, Trinidad
INH, Venezuela
INH, Ecuador
INS, Peru
Cenetrop, Bolivia
LCSP, Paraguay
FIOCRUZ, Brazil
Inst. Adolfo Lutz, Brazil
Laboratories testing via EIA IgM Serology
LCM, Uruguay
ISP, Chile
LDI, Argentina
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Salmonella Drug Resistance
by Site (1998/1999)
% Resistant
30
25
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15
10
5
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Chloramphenicol
Ciprofloxacin
Kanamycin
Sulfa/Trim
Cephalothin
Gentamicin
Nalid. Acid
Tetracycline
Lima (N=23)
Callao (N=33)
Sta Cruz (N=12)
NARMS 98 (N=1466)
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Potential Problems in
Collaboration
• Tendency to do the job rather than transfer and
build capacity
• Unclear lines of supervision and responsibility
• Need to report back to the head office before
decisions are taken
• Lack of familiarity with how to work with multiple
partners
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Elements Essential for Success
• Technology must be appropriate, evidence-based,
and sustainable
• Mutual respect, shared commitment, open
communication
• Adequate human and financial resources
• Longer-term commitments when needed
• Consistency with regional and global objectives
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Conclusions
• We must work to build capacity and generate
resources so that progress is sustained internally.
• Collaboration usually involves multiple partners,
including several government agencies, NGOs,
universities, and others.
• Situations may change quickly, requiring
sensitivity and flexibility.
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