Transcript Human Disease & Prevention[1].

Human Disease & Prevention
What is Disease?
• A disease is anything infectious
(spreading from one organism to another)
or noninfectious (does not spread from
one organism to another) that changes or
disrupts normal cell function.
History of Disease (Ancient Civilizations: Theories of
Disease Causation)
• Egyptian Medicine
– The early Egyptians (4000-1000 B.C.) had many
remedies for illness. Spells, incantations, and magic
were integral parts of their medicine.
– Among early races, illness and death were attributed to
actions of the gods and demonic possession.
History of Disease (Ancient Civilizations: Theories of
Disease Causation) cont…
• Egyptian Medicine cont…
– Despite their lack of scientific knowledge,
some of the treatments they used were
effective and still used today.
– Egyptians are recognized as the first to treat
disease systematically.
Greece: The Teachings of Hippocrates
• Hippocrates believed in the healing power of nature
and thought that disease developed from natural
causes.
• Hippocrates prescribed diets, rest, fresh air, massage,
and baths as treatments.
• Hippocrates’s approach to disease and research were
the first steps on the way to the prevention and control
of disease.
The Immune System
• The immune system is a complex protection
mechanism that functions by protecting the
body from harmful microorganisms (bacteria,
viruses, fungi, and parasites) and foreign
materials (toxins and venoms), while
recognizing and eliminating foreign pathogens.
Let’s Review!
True Or False:
Americans were the first to systematically
treat disease.
Hippocrates is one of the pioneers of disease
prevention.
Bacteria can be cured; but viruses cannot.
Define the following word/s:
disease
The Immune System (Two Parts)
Innate
• The body’s first line of
defense against disease.
• Skin—outer protective
barrier
• Macrophages, Natural
Killer Cells & Neutrophils
kill infectious agents
Adaptive
• Second Line of defense
• White blood cells &
Lymphocytes
• Antibodies formed when
there is a pathogen
Two Disease Categories
• Infectious Disease (Chronic & Acute)
• Noninfectious Disease (Chronic &
Acute)
What is Infectious
Disease?
• A disease caused by organisms
that enter the body and multiply
within the human body.
What is Noninfectious
Disease?
• Diseases that are not
transmitted by means of a
pathogen (foreign invaders on in
the human body).
Chronic & Acute Disease
– Chronic Disease —A disease or health
condition that lasts longer than three
months, sometimes for the remainder
of one's life.
– Acute Disease —A disease or health
condition that occurs and subsides
within three months, usually within
days or weeks.
What Are Some Examples of Chronic
Infectious Diseases?
• HIV—virus that attacks the immune system making it
difficult to fight disease
• Tuberculosis—Bacterial infection of the lungs.
• Meningitis—Inflammation of the membranes that cover
the brain and spinal cord.
• Encephalitis—Inflammation of the brain
• Poliomyelitis (Polio)—caused by a virus of the CNS
• Others?
What are Some Examples of Acute
Infectious Diseases?
• The cold virus—causes inflammation in the mucous
membranes lining the nose and throat.
• Influenza—a viral infection of the respiratory tract.
• Mononucleosis— Known as “the kissing disease,”
common in teens; it’s a virus that multiplies in the
lymphocytes changing lymphocyte appearance.
• Others?
What are Some Examples of Chronic
Noninfectious Diseases?
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Diabetes
Osteoporosis
Arthritis
Heart (cardiovascular) Disease
Cancer
Hypertension
Others?
What are Some Examples of Acute
Noninfectious Diseases (This is a hard one)?
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Heart Attack
Stroke
Cardiac Arrest
Hypoglycemia—Too low blood sugar
levels
• Hyperglycemia—Too high blood sugar
levels
• Others?
Let’s Review!
• Define the following:
– Infectious Disease
– Noninfectious Disease
– Chronic Disease
– Acute Disease
– Acute Infectious Disease
• Name two
– Acute Non Infectious Disease
• Name two
– Chronic Infectious Disease
• Name Two
– Chronic Non Infectious Disease
• Name Two
Disease Prevention
(infectious and
noninfectious)
Three ways/methods of disease prevention:
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Tertiary Prevention
Primary Prevention
(infectious disease)
• Primary Prevention—Prevention
measures before the disease happens.
Methods of Primary Prevention:
• Seclusion or avoidance—staying away from
infected individuals
• Keeping yourself clean—wash hands with
antibacterial soaps & shower
• Get enough rest
• Exercise on a regular basis
• Eat Right
Primary Prevention
(noninfectious disease)
• Prevention measures before the disease
occurs.
Methods:
• Not Smoking or drinking in excess
• Eating right
• Exercise on a regular basis
• Get enough rest
• Stress management (Yoga, Tai Chi,
Progressive Muscle Relaxation)
Secondary Prevention
• Secondary Prevention—Preventive measures
that lead to early diagnosis and prompt treatment
of a disease or injury to limit disability and
prevent a more severe disease.
Methods:
• Visit your doctor on a regular basis
• Visit your doctor for regular physicals
• Visit your “doc” for regular physicals
Tertiary Prevention
• Tertiary Prevention—Measures aimed at
rehabilitation following significant disease.
Methods:
• Medications
• Chemotherapy
• Surgery
• Dialysis
Scenarios—What’s the Level of prevention?
• Wanda stays at home all day in fear that she will
catch a disease. She is always in the restroom
washing her hands and when someone sneezes,
she runs away like there’s no tomorrow. What’s the
level of prevention?
• If you said primary…you’re right!!!
Scenarios—What’s the Level of prevention?
• Hector has been diagnosed with mouth & throat cancer
because of his continual use of chewing tobacco. His
doctors say that he has little chance of survival without
medication and surgery. Hector had the surgery but
eventually dies six months later.
• What’s the level of prevention?
• If you said primary…you’re so wrong.
• If you said tertiary…(congratulations!) you are correct!!!
Scenarios—What’s the Level of prevention?
• Eric visits his doctor on a regular basis because he is a
hypochondriac (his preoccupation with health or disease is
so intense that it disrupts normal living habits). He never
misses a doctor’s visit and sometimes visits too much.
• What’s the level of prevention?
• If you said secondary just because of the process of
elimination, you’re wrong.
• If you said secondary because you honestly knew the
answer, you’re right!
What are the Three Most
Meaningful Words in The
Dictionary?
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1: Choice
2: Choice
3: Choice
You have the power to choose. Making the
wrong choices could negatively affect your
health. Remember: You ARE responsible for
you’re own actions. So, be healthy and
always make the right choices—your life
depends on it!
The End?
The End of this
PowerPoint, the beginning
of your journey in disease
prevention…I wish you all
the best!
Group Disease
Presentation!
• As a group, present an 8-10 minute presentation on
one of the following diseases: Type 1 & 2 Diabetes,
Cancer, Asthma, Hypertension, Osteoarthritis, and
Coronary Heart/Artery Disease.
• At the conclusion of your presentation, prepare a
quiz with five questions relating to your disease (this
may be included at the end of your presentation).
• Don’t forget your table of contents and cover page!
It’s your job as a group to present the disease and
be able to answer the following questions
thoroughly:
QUESTIONS 2 ANSWER!
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What is the disease?
What causes the disease?
Who’s at risk?
What are some of the symptoms?
How is the disease treated?
How can the disease be prevented?
What are some relevant statistics and research?
Other pertinent information?
References Cited?
• Questions and Answers (Quiz)
Grading Rubric!
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Clarity and Presentation
Content Reliability
Group Participation
Organization
Creativity
• Total Score
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_____ 100
Group Assignments!
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Group 1 - Type 1 & 2 Diabetes
Group 2 - Cancer
Group 3 – Asthma
Group 4 – Hypertension
Group 5 – Osteoarthritis
Group 6 - Coronary Heart/Artery Disease