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Chapter 22
School-Age Children and
Adolescents
Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
School: Child’s Work
• Children and adolescents spend most of their waking hours in
school. Their academic success can predict future education,
employment, and income. The quality of their educational
experiences (e.g., teacher–child interactions) can influence
learning (Pianta, Belsky, Vandergrift, Houts, & Morrison, 2008;
Quan-McGimpsey, 2011). These children are the parents,
workers, leaders, and decision makers of tomorrow, and their
future success depends in good measure on achievement of
their educational goals today. Child health has been linked to
school success—healthy children are found to be more
motivated and prepared to learn (Centers for Disease Control &
Prevention [CDC], 2008a; Pati et al., 2009), and coordinated
school health programs are linked to academic achievement
(Murray, Low, Hollis, Cross, & Davis, 2007). This is well-known
to school nurses and public health nurses (PHNs) working in
schools.
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Health Problems of School-Age Children
• Chronic diseases
– Asthma
– Autism
– Diabetes
– Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
– Seizure disorders
• Childhood cancers (leading cause of death ages 1–14
years)
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Health Problems of School-Age Children
(cont.)
• Behavioral and learning problems
– Learning disabilities
– ADHD
– Behavioral and emotional problems
– Disabled children
• Problems associated with economic status (lead
poisoning, iron deficiency anemia, increased
susceptibility to illness)
Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Question
• Is the following statement True or False?
• Learning disabilities are a major chronic disease affecting
children.
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Answer
• False
• Rationale: Although learning disabilities can be lifelong,
they are considered a behavior or learning problem, not
a chronic disease.
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Health Problems of School-Age Children
(cont.)
• Death from injuries
– Motor vehicle/traffic injury, drowning, fire/burns:
ages 1 to 9 years
– Motor vehicle/traffic injury, drowning, poisoning:
ages 10 to 19 years
– Suicides with firearms: ages 10 to 19 years
• Communicable diseases
• Head lice
• Other health problems: undernutrition, poor dental
health, obesity, inactivity
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Adolescent Health and Health Problems
• Emotional problems and teenage suicide (third cause of
death)
• Violence
• Substance abuse
• Teen sexuality and pregnancy
• Sexually transmitted diseases or infections
• Acne
• Poor nutrition and eating disorders
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Health Services for School-Age Children
and Adolescents
• Prevention programs
– Immunizations
– TB testing
– Education and social services (basic services,
parental support services, family planning services,
STD services, risk reduction services, peer
education)
Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Health Services for
School-Age Children
and Adolescents
(cont.)
Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Health Services for
School-Age Children
and Adolescents
(cont.)
Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Question
• Is the following statement True or False?
• Poisoning is a major cause of death in children between
the ages of 1 to 9 years.
Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Answer
• False
• Rationale: In children between the ages of 1 and 9 years,
motor vehicle/traffic injury, drowning, and fire/burns are
the leading cause of death. For those between 10 and 19
years of age, the major causes of death include motor
vehicle/traffic injury, drowning, and poisoning.
Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Health Services for School-Age Children
and Adolescents (cont.)
• Health protection
– Safety and injury prevention
– Infectious diseases
– Child protective services
– Oral hygiene and dental care
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Health Services for School-Age Children
and Adolescents (cont.)
• Health promotion programs
– Nutritional programs
– Weight control programs
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Question
• Is the following statement True or False?
• For teenagers, suicide accounts for few deaths.
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Answer
• False
• Rationale: Teenage suicide is the third cause of death for
this age group.
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Healthy People 2020: Adolescents
Barriers to goals:
• Risk-taking behaviors
– Accidents
– Binge drinking
– Tobacco, drug and alcohol use
• Mental health issues
• Limited contact with health care system
• Sexual activity
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Health Services
• Preventive health programs
– Immunizations and TB testing
– Education and social services
• Health protection programs
– Safety and injury prevention
– Infectious diseases
– Child protective services
– Oral hygiene and dental care
• Health promotion
− Nutrition and exercise
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Internet Resources
• Child Behavior & How Parents Can Change Behaviors
– http://familydoctor.org/online/famdocen/home/children/paren
ts/behavior/201.printerview.html
• Drug Abuse Prevention Guide
– http://www.drugabuse.gov/pdf/prevention/RedBook.pdf
• Food Allergies
– http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FoodAllergens/default.ht
m
• Foundation for a Smokefree America
– http://www.tobaccofree.org/
• Injury Prevention Program (children 12 and under)
– http://www.cdc.gov/safechild/pdf/National_Action_Plan_for_C
hild_Injury_Prevention.pdf
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End of Presentation
Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins