Transcript Infection_Control_Lecture_PP

Infection Control
Introduction to Healthcare
AHS 104
Terminology
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Microorganisms :
– Microscopic one celled organisms.
– Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa, Rickettsiae, Viruses
– Often called “germs”
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Pathogens:
– Infectious agents
– Patho: Disease
– Gen : Genesis/ Causing/ Producing
All microorganisms are not pathogens, but
all pathogens are microorganisms
Bacteria
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Microscopic life that multiply rapidly
Fungi
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Organisms that live
on other plants or
animals.
Examples include:
– Mushrooms
– Yeast
– Mold
Protozoa
Microscopic one celled animals
 Those that don’t causes illnesses are
used to decompose materials, etc.
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Rickettsaie
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Prounoucned:
– ri-ket-see-uh
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Microscopic forms
of life found in
tissues of fleas,
ticks, etc.
Transmitted to
humans by insect
bites.
Viruses
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Extremely small
microscopic nonliving particles that
multiply in living
cells.
Chain of Infection
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Describes how a pathogen is transmitted
from one person to another.
There are six links
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Causative Agent
Reservoir
Portal of Exit
Mode of Transmission
Portal of Entry
Susceptible Host
See Drawing on the Board
Signs and Symptoms of Infection
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Fever
Pain or Tenderness
Fatigue
Loss of Appetite
Nausea/ Vomiting
Diarrhea
 Rash/ Sore on
Mucous Membranes
 Redness & Swelling of
body parts
 Discharge of drainage
from infected area.
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Standard Precautions
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Two previous control systems:
– Universal Precautions
– Body Substance Isolation
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Standard Precautions combined the two
and added some new features on gloving.
The following body substances/fluids are
covered:
Blood/Blood Products, All Body Fluids, Non
Intact Skin, Mucous Membranes
Standard Precautions
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Should ALWAYS be
practiced on persons in
your care.
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– This will significantly
reduce the risk of getting
disease
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ALL Body Fluids are
considered potential
transmitters of infectious
diseases & should be
treated the same way,
with caution
Remember, you can not
tell by how someone
looks or acts whether
they carry a bloodborne
disease!!!
Standard Precautions/Protective
Measures
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Wash Hands
– Before & after using
restroom.
– After touching any body
surface
– Before putting on gloves
– Immediately after
removing gloves.
– Between all contacts with
persons in your care.
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Wear Gloves
– When touching blood/ body
substances
– When touching mucous
membranes
– When touching non intact
skin.
Protective Measures
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Change Gloves
– Immediately before
contact with mucous
membranes/non-intact
skin.
– If gloves become
contaminated material
(soiled)
– If gloves become worn
or damaged.
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Remove Gloves
– Promptly after use and
wash your hands
– Before touching noncontaminated items or
environmental
surfaces
– Before caring for
another resident/client
Gloves

Clean, non sterile
gloves are adequate
for most jobs
requiring unsterile
gloves.
– May be latex/ vinyl
– Non Sterile Gloves
vs. Sterile Gloves
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Always let supervisor
know if you have dry,
cracked or non intact
skin.
– Also if gloves have
caused you to break
out.
– Remember to wash
hands before and
after glove use!!
Protective Measures
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Wear: Mask, Eye
Protection, Face
Shields :
– To protect facial
mucous membranes
during procedures &
resident/client care
activities that are likely
to generate splashes
or sprays
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Wear: Gowns,
Aprons, or Bibs
– During a procedure or
resident/client care
activity that is likely to
generate splashes or
sprays.
– When appropriate for
the procedure/ activity
and amount of body
fluid to be
encountered.
Protective Measures
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Equipment
– Handle in a manner that
prevents skin/ mucous
membrane contact.
– Contamination of your
clothing with the
equipment.
– Do not use re-usable
equipment again until it
has been properly cleaned
and reprocessed.
– Dispose of all single use
equipment properly.
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Clean & Disinfect
– All environment surfaces
– Beds, Bedrails, Equipment
– All frequently touched
surfaces (Door Knobs)
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Linen Handling
– Handle, transport &
process soiled linens in a
manner that prevents
 Skin & Mucous Membrane
Exposure
 Contamination of Clothing
 Transfer of disease to
other resident/ clients &
Environments.
Protective Measures
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Resident/Client/ Patient Placement
– Use private rooms or cohort if possible
– Cohort: Where two or more persons who have
the same disease are placed in the same
room.
Transmission Based Precautions

These are special precautions which
should be used for persons in your care
who are infected or suspected of being
infected with a disease that requires
additional precautions beyond standard
precautions.
Transmission Based Precautions
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Three Categories
– Airborne Precautions
 Tuberculosis
– Droplet Precautions
 Influenza, Pertussis
– Contact Precautions
 Wound and skin infections
The category used depends on the recognized
pathogen that is being isolated
Transmission Based Precautions
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Two important points to remember :
– Transmission Based Precautions are always
used IN ADDITION to Standard Precautions.
– The infection is being isolated, not the person
with the infection.
Airborne Precautions
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Goals of Airborne Precautions
– Reduce the risk of airborne transmission
of pathogens that are suspended in droplets
5 microns in size or smaller.
Airborne Precautions
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How big is a micron?
– 1 Millionth of a meter
– 1 Meter= 3.20 feet
– Pathogens in droplets 1-5
microns in diameter are so
tiny and lightweight that
they can float on dust
particles and moisture
droplets, staying airborne
for long periods of time
and being widely dispersed
by air currents.
– They can also slip through
the pores of your surgical
mask !
Airborne Precautions
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Some common diseases
that require Airborne
Precautions:
– Pulmonary Tuberculosis
– Measles/Rubeola
 A viral infection spread
through droplets
– Varicella Zoster (Chicken
Pox)
 May lead to complications
of Pneumonia
Airborne Precautions
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REMINDER: A mask does not protect you
once it becomes damp or wet from
breathing. This usually takes about 20
minutes.
We’ll pick up here
next class…
Droplet Precautions
Droplet Precautions
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Goal of Droplet
Precautions
– Reduce the risk of
transmission of
pathogens suspended
in droplets larger
than 5 microns in
size!
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Some common
disease that require
droplet precautions:
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Influenza
Pneumonia
Mumps
Common Cold
Bronchitis
Droplet Precautions
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How are Droplet
Precautions different from
Airborne Precautions?
– Large particle droplets
– Droplets do not stay
suspended in the air
– Droplets travel short
distances, usually three
feet
– Requires close contact
between the infected
person and the healthcare
worker
Droplet Precautions
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How are droplets generated?
– Coughing
– Sneezing
– Talking
– Laughing
– Singing
– Certain Medical Procedures
 Ex.
Nebulizer for asthmatic
patients
Caring for Infected Persons
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Droplet Precautions have less restrictive
requirements than Airborne precautions.
– Private room if possible, if not, place in room with
person who has same infection.
– Maintain distance of at least 3 feet between the
beds.
– Wear surgical mask when working within 3 feet of
infected person.
– If you must take infected person outside room,
have him or her wear surgical mask.
Contact Precautions
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Goal of Precautions
– To reduce the risk of transmission of
disease by either direct or indirect
contact. Contact Precautions only apply
to specific persons known to be infected
with an organism that can be
transmitted by direct or indirect contact.
Contact Precautions
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Some common diseases that require Contact Precautions
– MRSA and VRE
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 Methicillin Resistant Staphylococus Aureus
 VRE (Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci)
Urinary Tract Infections
Gastrointestinal Illness
Skin & Wound Infections
Respiratory Illnesses
Pressure Sores
Scabies and Lice
Pink Eye
Chicken Pox
Shingles
Contract Precautions
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Types of Contact
– Direct
– Indirect
Direct Contract
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What is meant by direct contact?
– Skin to skin contact
– Physical transfer, Bathing,Turning and other
Activities of Daily Livings (ADL’s)
– Contact between two residents or clients
Indirect Contact
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What is the meant by indirect contact?
– The major route of this transmission is through
contact with a contaminated environmental
surface such as a door knob, faucet, clothing,
soiled linen or furniture.
– Contaminated objects, such as stethoscopes,
thermometers, or other commonly used
equipment, are also a problem.
– More diseases are transmitted through indirect
contact than direct contact.
Indirect Contact
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You can easily transmit disease to yourself
or another person in your care by
touching a contaminated object with
your hands and then touching
yourself or another person.
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You can transmit disease by touching
environmental surfaces with
contaminated hands or gloves, after which
someone else touches that same surface.
Caring for Infected Persons
Isolate the disease
 Private room if
possible. If not
possible, place in
room with another
person with the same
infection.
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– What’s this called ?
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Transport for essential
purposes only:
– Take special care to
avoid uninfected
people during
transport.
Caring for Infected Persons
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Wash Hands
– Use antimicrobial soap
 Make sure ungloved
hands do not touch
potentially
contaminated
environmental surfaces
or items in person’s
room.
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Wear Gloves
– Remove gloves before
leaving the person’s room.
– Change gloves after having
contact with infectious
materials
– Be certain gloved hands
do not contaminate
objects that ungloved
hands will touch.
Caring for Infected Persons
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Avoid Sharing Non Critical Care
Items
– If at all possible, dedicate non-critical care
item, such as water pitchers, soap or soap
dishes or toiletry items to a single infected
person. Otherwise, be sure all commonly
shared equipment is cleaned and disinfected
after each use.
Definitions Related to Types of
Infection
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Local
– Involves specific body part
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Systematic
– Involves the entre body
– Travels through the blood stream
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Nosocomial
– Infection acquired after admission to healthcare facility
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Endogenous
– Those organisms normally found in body, some can be
pathogens which cause infections when patient has low
resistance.
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Exogenous
– Organisms from outside of the body that cause infection
Factors that Weaken Natural Body
Defenses
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Age
Physical Inactivity
Pre-existing Disease
Poor Nutrition, Inadequate Hydration
Invasive Therapy
– Some surgeries
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Immune Suppressive Therapy
– Treatment with agents, such as x-rays,
corticosteroids, etc.
Asepsis
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Medical Asepsis
– Clean Technique: Practice used to remove or destroy
pathogens and to prevent their spread
 Disinfection: Process by which pathogens are destroyed
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Surgical Asepsis
– Sterile Technique: Practice that keeps equipment &
supplies free of all microorganisms
 Sterile: Absence of all microorganisms (pathogens & non
pathogens) including those that form spores
 Sterilization-Process which destroys microbes
Asepsis: A lack of infection
Disinfection
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Process in which pathogens are destroyed
– Does not destroy spores
 Spores are bacteria protected by a hard
shell, that can only be killed by extremely
hot temperatures.
 Boiling Water: Simple method of disinfectant
 Chemical Disinfectant used for cleaning
instruments & equipment /housekeeping
– Germicides-Disinfectant applied to skin, tissue, &
inanimate objects
– Disinfectant can burn & irritate skin
Sterilization
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Very high temperature
procedure which destroys
all non-pathogen,
pathogen and spores.
– Autoclave-Pressurized
Stream Sterilizer used
to sterilize metal objects,
glass and surgical linens.
 Steam under pressure
usually sterilizes in 30-45
minutes
Governmental Agencies
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EPA-Environmental Protection Agency
– Clean Air, Clean & Safe Water, Safe Food
– Preventing Pollution: Homes, Workplace &
Ecosystems
– Better waste management/deterrent to pollution
– Reduction of global/cross-border environmental risks
– Explanation of right to know about the
environmental risks
– Sound Science-Improved understanding of risks &
problems
– Effective management/ responsibility
Government Agencies
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DTAE/TCSG-Department of Technical &
Adult Education
– Department of Technical & Adult
Education
– Technical College System of Georgia
 Sets standards/guidelines for education
 Federal funding for education
 Testing regulations/ guidelines
Government Agencies
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CDC-Center for Disease Control
– Promote Health & Quality of Life
 By preventing/controlling disease, injury &
disability
 By funding for laboratory/ diagnostic experiments
 By informing, educating and alerting public
Government Agencies
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OSHA-Occupational Safety & Health
Administration
– Evaluates work place (environments) for
hazardous conditions:
 Set Standards
 Trains & Educates:
 Develops approaches/technologies
 Evaluate Programs
 Inspects workplace environments
Government Agencies
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Centers for Medicare and Medicaid
Services (CMS)
– They are responsible for…
– Clinical Laboratory Improvement
Amendments
 CLIA
 Standards for medical laboratory testing
– Set standards for proficiency in tests & qualified
personnel to assure accuracy
– Sets testing standards for lab tests
– Sets standards for licensing tests
Government Agencies
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FDA-Food & Drug Administration
– Ensures that food, cosmetics, medications, and
medical devices are safe and wholesome.
– Oversees food and drugs for pets & farm animals.
– Enforces public health laws
– Monitors the manufacture, import, transport, storage
and sale of goods to consumers annually.
 By inspecting food, drugs, cosmetics & medical devises in the
factory, retail and wholesale consumers and import/ export
these products.