Transcript Phylum - East Muskingum Schools

Follow along on the Yellow Note Sheet as we examine
Protist Classification in more detail as well as some of
the diseases that can be caused by Protists:
Kingdom Protista
Classification
Animal-like Protists
Plant–like Protists
Fungus-like Protists
Animal-Like Protists are called:
 Protozoans
and are typically
divided into 4 separate phyla
We mentioned these 4 animal-like protist
phyla on the introduction notes, but now
we will look into these 4 phyla in more
detail on the following slides:
Phylum
Sarcodina
Unique Sarcodina
Characteristics:








Contain about 40,000 species
Have flexible cell membranes
Pseudopodia for movement and feeding
Pseudopodia form when the cytoplasm moves
Ameboid movement also called (cytoplasmic
streaming)
When food is surrounded =endocytosis
When waste leaves the cell =exocytosis
Organelles that expel fluid from the cell are
called contractile vacuoles
Sarcodina Diseases, Benefits,
Facts:

Entamoeba histolytica is one of a number of
species of small amoebae which live in the
alimentary canal of humans. These are usually
harmless protozoa, feeding on bacteria and
particles in the intestine. In certain conditions,
Entamoeba invades the wall of the intestine or
rectum causing ulceration and bleeding, with
pain, vomiting and diarrhea, symptoms of
amoebic dysentery.
Sarcodina Protists:
What is this ameba
doing? What other
protist does it look
like the ameba is
eating?
Phylum
Ciliophora
Unique Ciliophora
Characteristics:
Can you find all
these eukaryotic cell
parts on this
paramecium?









Contain about 8,000 species
Posses Cilia for movement
Pellicle = protein surround cell membrane
Oral groove = funnel shaped depression
Mouth pore = where food enters
Gullet = where food vacuoles are created
Anal pore = where wastes exit
Macronucleus = operates as the director of cell
activities
Micronucleus = helps with the exchange of DNA
during conjugation
Reproduction
by
Conjugation
A type of Sexual
reproduction where
there is an exchange
of genetic
information!
Reproduction by
Binary Fission
(asexual)
Ciliophora Diseases:

Balantidium coli is the only species that
affects humans. Normal habitat is the
intestines of hogs.
Ciliophora Diseases:

Ichthyophthirius
multifiliis a parasitic
ciliate, causes white
spot disease in
freshwater fish by
attaching to the fish’s
skin and feeding on the
fish. The wound left
can become infected
and cause death.
Ciliophora Protists:
What structures allow
this paramecium to move
and obtain food?
Paramecium caudatum
Phylum
Zoomastigina (zooflagellate)
Unique Zoomastigina
Characteristics:


Contain about 2,500 species
Have one or more flagella for movement
Zoomastigina Diseases:

Trypanosoma causes African sleeping sickness.
Transmitted by the Tetse fly causes fever,
lethargy, mental deterioration and coma.
Zoomastigina Diseases:

Trypanosoma cruz causes Chagas’ disease (when
bitten by the “kissing bug” and causes fever and
severe heart damage.)
Zoomastigina Diseases:

Leishmaniasis is caused by Leishmania donoviana
and is transmitted by the Sand fly. It is a blood
disease with skin sores.
Zoomastigina Diseases:
Can you trace the infectious cycle?

The Protist Giardia lamblia causes guardiasis which
causes diarrhea and severe cramps. It is spread
by animals and picked up by humans in
contaminated drinking water.
Phylum
Sporozoa
(commonly called
Apicomplexa)
The Apicomplexa — also
called Apicomplexia —
are a large group of
parasitic protists, most of
which possess a unique
organelle, a type of
plastid called an
apicoplast, and an apical
complex structure
involved in penetrating a
host's cell.
Unique Sporozoa
Characteristics:


Contain about 6,000 species
No means of locomotion, but rather are
parasitic and live in the blood and tissue
of the host
Sporozoan Diseases:

The best known sporozoan is Plasmodium,
which enters a human when bitten by an
infected Anopheles mosquito and causes Malaria
Toxoplasmosis
caused
by and
Toxoplasma
,a
Infects
red blood
cells
releasegondii
toxins

parasite found in birds, rodents, & cats.
II. Plant-like Protists are called
Algae



Range in size from unicellular to large seaweeds
Considered autotrophic since they have
chloroplasts
Thallus = body portion
of an alga
There are 4 main algae types:

1. Most unicellular algae are
Phytoplankton, which are photosynthetic,
one celled organisms that form the base
of the food chain.

2. Colonial algae are groups of algae cells
acting in a coordinated manner
Volvox colonies with daughter colonies inside.

3. Filamentous algae have a slender, rod
shaped Thallus

4. Multi-cellular algae have large,
complex Thallus (almost leaf-like)
Seaweed

Classification: Algae are often classified
into seven Phyla
Plant-like Protist examples:


Seaweed
Euglena

Diatoms
When diatoms die, they slowly sink to the seabed. The buildup of trillions of these
shells forms a crumbly white sediment known as diatomaceous earth or diatomite,
which is used in manufacturing pool filters and abrasives, including toothpaste.

Dinoflagellates
Dinoflagellates color the water in a British Columbia bay.
III. Fungus-like Protists

Characteristics:
Eukaryotic
 Multi-cellular
 Heterotrophic

Classification of Fungus-like Protists:

Slime Molds

Water Molds
Water Molds

The potato blight caused the Irish Potato Famine in
1845-49 which, it is estimated, caused over 1,000,000 to
starve to death and forced a further 2,000,000 to
emigrate.
There are two important phyla (divisions) of water
molds, the chytrids (Chytridiomycota) and the
oomycetes (Oomycota).

The chytrids live in salt- and freshwater
and in moist soil. They live as saprobes,
obtaining their metabolic energy from
decaying plant and animal material, or as
parasites , attacking plants, fungi, and
algae

The oomycetes resemble fungi, taking the
form of coenocytic filaments (hyphae).
They differ from fungi, however, in that
cellulose is present in their cell walls.
These are oospores of
the plant pathogenic
oomycete (water mold)
Phytophthoria sojae.
This fungus-like
microbe causes a
serious root and stem
rot disease of
soybeans.
End of Protist notes chapter 21

Now you will look at a pond water sample
to locate and draw some of these
microscopic protists