Transcript Ch 13, Infection control

MNA
Mosby’s Long Term Care Assistant
Chapter 15
Preventing Infection
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2P
uRQZEL1oU
Microorganisms
Microbes
Small living plant or animal
that can only be seen
with a microscope.
Pathogen – harmful
microorganisms
Types of Microbes
5 Types:
Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoa
Rickettsiae
Viruses
Types of Microbes
Bacteria
multiply rapidly
Examples: E-coli.
Pneumonia, TB,
cholera
Germs
One celled
Cause infection in any body
system
Types of Microbes
Fungi
Plants that live on
other plants or
animals
Mushrooms, yeasts,
molds
Infect the mouth,
vagina, skin, feet
other body areas
Examples: Athlete’s
foot, ringworm,
yeast infection
Types of Microbes
Protozoa
Microscopic
One celled
Infect the blood, brain,
intestines and other
body areas
Examples:dysentery,
malaria, and African
sleeping sickness.
Types of Microbes
Rickettsiae
Microscopic forms
of life found in
fleas, ticks, lice
Transmitted to
humans by insect
bite
Examples: Rocky
Mountain spotted
fever
Types of Microbes
Viruses
Very small
microscopic
organisms that
grow in living cells
Examples: common
cold, herpes, flu,
AIDS, hepatitis
Requirements for
Microbes
Require a Reservoir
The reservoir is the
environment where
the microbe grows
Humans, plants,
animals, water,
soil, food.
Most like
Warm
Dark
Moist
Normal Flora
Microbes that live
and grow in a
certain area.
Intestines,
respiratory tract,
skin.
Non-pathogen when
in or on a natural
reservoir.
Example: E-coli
Infection
Disease state resulting from
invasion of microbes
Local – in a general area
Systemic – throughout the body
Chain of Infection
Source
Source
Reservoir
Portal of Exit
Mode of Transmission
Portal of Entry
Susceptible Host
Portal of entry
Portal of exit
Chain of Infection
Chain of Infection
Source - pathogen
Bacteria, virus, protozoa, fungus
Rabies
Chain of Infection
Reservoir –
human and animals
Chain of Infection
Portal of Exit –
Respiratory tract
Intestinal tract
Urinary tract
Reproductive tract
Breaks in the skin
Blood
Chain of Infection
Mode of Transmission –
Coughing
Sneezing
Air
Food
Water
Eating and drinking utensils
Personal care items
Direct contact
Dressings
Insects
animals
Chain of Infection
Portal of Entry –
Respiratory tract
Intestinal tract
Urinary tract
Reproductive tract
Breaks in the skin
Blood
Chain of Infection
Susceptible Host A person at risk for
infection
Signs & Symptoms of Infection
Fever
↑ Pulse and respiratory rate
Pain or tenderness
Fatigue
Loss of appetite
N/V
Diarrhea
Rash
Sores on mucous membranes
Redness of swelling
Discharge or drainage
Nosocomial Infection or HAI
An infection acquired
after admission to a
health care facility
Also called a HAI
HealthcareAssociated Infection
Nosocomial Infection or HAI
Common sites are:
Urinary system
Prevented by:
Universal precautions
Respiratory system
Medical Asepsis
Wounds
Surgical Asepsis
Bloodstream
Isolation Precautions
Blood Borne Pathogen
Standards
Medical Asepsis
Asepsis – being
free of pathogens
Medical asepsis –
practices used to
remove or destroy
pathogens
prevent the spread
of pathogens
Common Aseptic Practices
HAND WASHING!!!
Individual personal care items
Cover your nose or mouth
when coughing or sneezing
Bath, brush teeth regularly
Wash fruits and raw
vegetables
Wash cooking and eating
utensils with soap and hot
water
MOST IMPORTANT Aseptic Practice?
HAND WASHING!
•When washing your hands, your hands and
forearms are kept lower than your elbows
•Hands are washed for at least 15 seconds
•When drying your hands, start at the
fingertips and work up to your forearms
Other aseptic terms
Sterilization absence of ALL
microorganisms.
(autoclave)
Other aseptic terms
Disinfection - destroying pathogens
Clean - absences of pathogens
Contamination –
pathogens present
Germicides are disinfectants
Standard Precautions
Reduce the risk of
spreading pathogens
Used in the care
of all residents
Standard Precautions
PPE – Personal Protective Equipment
Gown, gloves,
masks, goggles
Standard Precautions
PPE – Personal Protective Equipment
Use any time there is a
possibility of coming in
contact with:
Blood
Body fluids
Non-intact skin
Mucous membranes
Standard Precautions
Sharps
Never recap
needles
Use bio-hazardous
containers when
indicated
Standard Precautions
Donning and doffing PPE
SKILL
Standard Precautions
Double bagging
Leak proof plastic bags
Bio-hazardous symbol
Specimens
Isolation
Types of isolation:
Airborne – small droplets
Strict – airborne and contact
Droplet – larger droplets
Contact – direct or indirect
Isolation
Types of isolation are based
on how the disease/infectious
organism is spread from
person to person. Read the
isolation signs on the outside
of the patient’s door or above
the head of the patient’s bed.
The signs will tell you what
personal protective equipment
to put on before entering the
room or before initiating any
patient care task.
Isolation
Meeting the resident’s basic needs
while in isolation
•Smile!
•Treat resident with respect
•Provide reading, entertainment
material
•Organize your work so you can stay
and visit a little
•Say hello from the doorway often
Bloodborne Pathogen Standard
Exposure
Control Plan
Training provided
Free Immunization for HBV
PPE provided
Bloodborne Pathogen Standard
Exposure Control Plan
Engineering and Work Practice Controls
Bio-hazardous containers provided
Do not store food or drink where blood or body
fluids are stored
Clean Spills with 1:10 solution of Clorox and water
Bloodborne Pathogen Standard
Hepatitis B (HBV)
Blood or blood products,
sexual contact, peri-natal
Prevention vaccine
3 injections
Given before or after exposure
Caused by a
virus
Bloodborne Pathogen Standard
Human
Immunodeficiency
Virus (HIV)
Blood or blood
products, sexual
contact, peri-natal
NO Prevention vaccine
Caused by
a virus
Review
All microbes are pathogens.
True
False
Review
A pathogen causes infection.
True
False
Review
An item is sterile if non-pathogens are
present.
True
False
Review
Pathogens prefer an environment that is
warm and dry
True
False
Review
Kissing is an example of mode of
transmission in the chain of infection.
True
False
Review
Bacteria is an example of portal of entry in
the chain of infection
True
False
Review
Blood is an example of a reservoir in the
chain of infection
True
False
Review
Boiling water is sterilization.
True
False
Review
A no-socomial infection or a healthcareassociated infection (HAI) is transmitted within a
LTCF.
True
False
Review
Standard precautions includes wearing PPE
as needed.
True
False
Review
HBV is caused by a bacteria.
True
False
Review
HIV effects the liver.
True
False
Review
Sharps are recapped to prevent danger to
others.
True
False
Review
A LTCF must provide all employees with free
HVB vaccinations .
True
False
Review
Hand washing is the most effective aseptic
technique.
True
False
Review
Hands do not need to be washed if gloves
are worn.
True
False
Review
What is PPE?.
Personal Protective Equipment