Transcript Document

Hazardous industrial factors
and their influence on human
health
Classification of hazardous environmental factors
 Physical
 Chemical

Biological
In developing health standards with such
concepts are operated as
- the maximum permissible concentration (MPC),
- the maximum allowable levels (MAL).
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The maximum permissible concentration (MPC) - the
maximum amount of a toxic substance in a unit volume
or mass of water, air or soil, which has almost no effect
on human health.
The maximum allowable levels (MAL) - repeated
throughout life or constant influence of environmental
factors (noise, vibration, pollution, low temperature,
etc.) that do not cause physical or mental illness, and
changes in health status.
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Physical factors of the work
environment
- weather condition,
- high and low temperatures,
- the change in atmospheric pressure,
- electromagnetic,
- Ionizing radiation,
- vibration, noise,
are the cause of vibration disease, cochlear neuritis,
radiation pathology, decompression of disease.
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Meteorological factors
are the cause of diseases associated with changes
in atmospheric pressure.
When working on the raising the height of a lowpressure conditions (climbers in the mountains,
pilots in high altitude flights, astronauts)
mountain sickness can develop.
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When working in depth under impact of
high atmospheric pressure, for example,
people who deal with diving and caisson
work and working in compression pressure
chambers, caisson disease (aeroembolism)
develops.
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Weather conditions
Weather conditions are characterized by such physical
factors of an atmosphere:
- in temperature (t),
- relative humidity (w),
- in the speed of movement of air (v),
- thermal radiation.
These factors effect weather or a microclimate on
workplaces and in industrial areas.
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For keeping of a constant body temperature an organism
should be in stabile temperature condition.
Correct thermoregulation in an organism it can be
carried out only at the certain condition of an
environment, i.e. at the certain combinations of
temperature, humidity and speed of movement of air.
At the person taking place in rest and staying in
conditions of meteorological comfort are:
temperature 18-20 °С;
relative humidity of 40-60 %;
speed of movement of air of 0,2-0,3 km/s.
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Heat in human consumption:
heating of air inhaled and received food and water 5-10%;
the rest of the heat (90-95%) is dissipated into the
environment through the skin:
• radiation (heat objects having a lower temperature ~ 45%);
• convection for heating clothes and close to the body of the
air layers of ~ 30%;
• evaporation of moisture from the skin and lungs of about
25%.
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With prolonged exposure of the body to high
temperature of the atmosphere, especially in the
absence of air movement and high humidity,
temperature regulation is disturbed, the body is
overheated and dehydrated, which leads to
disruption of physiological processes, causing
serious health problems:
exhaustion, convulsions, collapse and heat stroke.
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Microclimate cooling is a combination of
parameters, in which the total heat
transfer to the environment exceeds the
body's heat production.
This leads to a general and/or local
shortage of heat in the body.
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Symptoms of hypothermia stages with the
growth of the danger of hypothermia:
• deviation from normal behavior, aggression,
and later apathy;
• weariness;
• the loss of a sense of danger;
• clumsiness of movement, speech;
• loss of consciousness;
• death.
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Electromagnetic radiation
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Electromagnetic spectrum
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Vibration
Mechanical vibrational motion, repeated
at certain intervals.
The oscillation frequency is measured in hertz (Hz),
velocity - in meters per second (m/s),
acceleration (m/s2).
Remote control to adjust the
level of vibration
- 112 dB (115-109) and 76 dB
(73-109).
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Vibration with a frequency of 8 Hz and 16
Hz refers to the low-frequency,
31,5 and 63 Hz - the mid-range,
from 125, 250, 500, 1000 Hz - the drivers.
The greatest risk of developing the
disease in the frequency of vibration of
16-250 Hz.
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Vibration disease
Vibration disease is an occupational disease
caused by an effect of high levels of vibration on
the workers' body, characterized polymorphic
clinical symptoms.
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Vibration disease is the third leading
occupational diseases (7-25%).
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Types of vibration
Depending on the type of contact with the
working body vibration can be distinguished
between local and general vibration.
Local vibration occurs by transfer through the
upper extremity.
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Types of vibration
General vibration is transmitted through
the bearing surfaces of the body of a
seated or standing person (bench, floor,
processed product, platform, etc.).
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Gloves, helmets, earplugs, special
suits and kneecaps are used for
protection from local vibration.
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A basic way of protection from general vibration is
vibroisolation of the vibration source.
Vibroactivity units are installed on vibration
isolators (spring, elastic strips, pneumatic devices,
etc.) to protect from the effects of vibration.
.
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Chemical factors of the
work environment
Effect of chemicals causes
acute and chronic
intoxication.
The most common toxicity of benzene and its
homologues
.
and
compounds of hard metals:
lead, mercury, arsenic.
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Benzene (C6H6, PhH) is an organic chemical
compound, a colorless liquid with a pleasant
sweet smell.
MPC – 5 мг/м3
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Benzene and its derivatives are widely
used in various industries.
Used as a solvent for vanishes and
paints for different compounds and
synthetic products insecticides, drugs
and explosives (trinitrotoluol).
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Pathways and excretion of benzene
from the body
Respiratory path
and through intact skin
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Pesticide poisoning
To control pests and diseases of agricultural crops, a variety
of chemical pesticides - pesticides.
Direct contact that occurs during transportation, storage,
seed treatment and sowing, spraying plants, etc.
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Depending of the chemical
composition there are:
Organochlorine -
DDT;
Organophosphorus -
karbofos, malation;
Organomercury -
fungioks, agronad;
Arsenic -
rat poison.
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Etiology
This group of compounds is expressed by cumulative
properties.
They enter the body through the respiratory system,
gastrointestinal tract, and intact skin.
They excrete from an organism through kidneys,
gastrointestinal tract, sweat and mammary glands.
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Industrial dust (aerosols)
One deals with excessive dustiness in such cases:
In the foundry which is characterized by the presence of
dust containing silica in combination with toxic gases;
In machining production there are effects of mixed dust,
for example during welding.
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Industrial dust (aerosols)
In production of building materials –
cement and asbestos factories, production of silica brick
In textile, flour, sugar production and agriculture
(exposure to organic dust vegetable, mineral dust).
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Diseases caused by exposure to industrial
dust
Chronic disease caused by prolonged inhalation
and deposition of dust in the lungs with
development of diffuse fibrosis.
Pneumoconioses:
- Silicosis;
- Sylikatozy;
- Berylliosis.
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Maximum permissible concentration (MPC) of industrial
dust containing is 1 – 4 mg/m3
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Biological factors
Working with antibiotics, fungi-producers, proteinvitamin concentrate, enzyme preparations can cause
dysbiosis, skin candidiasis, mucous membranes,
visceral candidiasis and respiratory diseases.
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Infectious and parasitic diseases which occur during
work process are called professional diseases, for
example brucellosis, tuberculosis, infectious hepatitis.
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Bisynosis is an occupational lung disease of
individuals who are exposed to the dust of
organic fibrous materials (cotton, flax, hemp) for
a long time, permissible concentration of the dust
of vegetable and animal origin.
Maximum permissible concentration (MPC) of
natural dust containing is
2 – 6 mg/m3
.
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The basis of clinical symptom of bisinosis
are bronchial obstruction - due to
sensibilization: histamine and others (fungi
and bacteria).
Patients complain of difficulty breathing,
shortness of breath, dry cough, weakness.
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Test work #3
1. What are the basic hazardous environmental factors?
a) physical, chemical, biological b) physical, chemical, biological, psychological
c) physical and chemical
d) anthropogenic, natural, social
2. Maximum amount of a toxic substance which has no effect on human health is
defined as:
a) deadline
b) latent effect
c) the maximum permissible concentration and the maximum allowable levels
d) the maximum permissible concentration
3. What means are used for protection from local vibration?
a) vibroprotection respirators
b) medical gowns
c) vibroprotection gloves, kneecaps
d) lead aprons
4. The ionizing radiation sources are:
a) X-rays b) radioactive materials c) cosmic rays
5. What are physical hazards you know?
(Make as more examples as you can)
6. What are the pathways of benzene to the body?
7. What are the types of vibration?
d) all answers right