Transcript No Slide Title

Trans-boundary Disease Surveillance for
Delineation of Zones - the Canada-USA VHS
Experience
Sharon McGladdery; Grace Karreman; Kim Klotins, Sylvia Flemming (CFIA).
Peter Wright, Nancy House (DFO)
Lori Gustafson, P. Gary Egrie, Peter Merrill (USDA)
+++ VIPS (Provinces and States)…
Acknowledgements
• Stephen Stephen; Nancy House
(DFO Science)
• Sylvia Flemming (CFIA-Operations)
• Pierre Dumont (MRNF)
• Elizabeth Wright (OMNR)
• Jill Rolland, Gary Egrie, Peter Merrill &
Lori Gustafson (USDA-APHIS)
• … and many others!
Presentation Outline
Trans-boundary disease
• General considerations
Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (VHS) in the
Great Lakes – waters shared by Canada and the USA
• Brief history
• Challenges for both Canada and the US
• Disease Freedom and Surveillance
Conclusions
• Implementation of collaboration and transparency
• Balancing science and sovereignty
Trans-boundary Disease - Considerations
In 2005 the OIE Aquatic Animal Health Standards
Commission introduced the first guidelines to
address trans-boundary disease management.
Although focussed on shared responsibility for
declaration of freedom, the same principle
applies to disease surveillance, control
measures, QA/QC for diagnostics, etc.
Canada and the USA have aquatic borders on the
Pacific, Atlantic and inland freshwater borders…
The Waters We Share
Gulf
of
Alaska
Puget
Sound
Great Lakes
&
St. Lawrence
River
Bay of Fundy
&
Gulf of Maine
Trans-boundary Diseases – OIE Reporting
Canada - USA trans-boundary disease reporting:
• Infectious Haematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHNv) –
Atlantic salmon: British Columbia / Washington
(Pacific) – 1990’s
• Bonamia ostreae – European Oysters: British
Columbia / Washington (Pacific) – 1990s - 2005
• Infectious Salmon Anaemia Virus (ISAv) – Atlantic
salmon: New Brunswick / Maine (Atlantic) – 1995+
… all farmed fish / shellfish reports
First Wild Fish Experience…
2005 (traced back to at least 2003) = detection of a
freshwater strain of Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia
(VHS).
Distinct from marine North American VHS IV marine
strains but not related to VHS I (European freshwater
strain)
Great Lakes VHS
• Distinct from Pacific VHS IVa
• Closely related to Atlantic marine strain (undesignated sub-strain)
• Designated “VHS IVb”
History of VHS Detection - Great Lakes
2003
2005
2006
2007
Source: http://www.glin.net/gis/data/geographic.html
Date
Location
State or
Province
May 05
Bay of Quinte/
Ontario
Lake St. Clair
Ontario
Sandusky
Bay/Lake Erie
OH
Freshwater Drum
Very large mortality
“Windows” of fish on
beach
May 06 St. Lawrence River
NY
Round Goby (muskellunge)
Large die off
River origin
May 06
Lake Erie
OH
Yellow Perch
Large die off
May 06
Lake St. Claire
Ontario
Mortality event
May 06
Lake Erie
OH
June 06
Lake St. Clair
MI
Aug 06
Lake Conesus
NY
Freshwater Drum, Smallmouth
Bass, Bluegill Crappie
Yellow Perch, walleye, white
bass (freshwater drum,
smallmouth bass)
Gizzard shad, redhorse sucker,
blunt nose sucker, Northern pike
(yellow perch)
Walleye
Fish dying in
commercial nets
Acute mortality –no
clinical signs
Samples from area of
traps and mortality
Nov 06
Lake Huron
MI
May 07
Lake Budd
MI
20032005
May 06
MI
Primary species (Other
species)
Freshwater Drum (muskellunge, Several hundred tons
round Goby)
Muskellunge
4 to 27 fish submitted
May 07 Hamilton Harbour
Ontario
Whitefish, Chinook salmon,
walleye
Crappie, bluegill, pumpkinseed,
L.bass, shiner
Drum, gizzard shad, others
May 07 Lake Winnebago
WI
Freshwater drum
May 07
WI
Smallmouth bass, brown trout*
Lake Michigan
Estimated losses
Mortality in wild
Comments
Heavy mortality –
clinical signs
Retrospective PCR
Large mortality
Mortality Event
1st inland lake
Minimal mortality?
Survey
Mortality event
2nd inland lake
‘Mortality event’
Mortality event
Presumptive
UNCONFIRMED
Presumptive
UNCONFIRMED
Presumptive
UNCONFIRMED
Stakeholders & Impacted Activities
 Baitfish industry
 Aquaculture
 Anglers/commercial
sport fishing
 Provincial/state stocking
 Aquarium/Ornamental
trade
 Commercial fisheries
 Live food fish imports
 First Nations
 Tourism
 Commercial shipping
 Transport
Canada US 8 States 2 Provinces 1Regional Comm.
…the rest of the two countries
Reporting to the OIE…
Canada – Annual report to OIE in 2005
• First detection of VHS in freshwater, in Bay of Quinte – clinical signs
• Federal notification of USDA APHIS
• Great Lakes Fish Health Commission (GLFHC) also informed
US – Immediate report to OIE in 2006
• New host species: Muskellunge, round goby, gizzard shad, walleye,
white bass, sliver redhorse, northern pike, freshwater drum, yellow
perch, smallmouth bass, shorthead redhorse – clinical signs
Canada – Immediate report to OIE in 2006
• New host species: freshwater drum, bluegill, smallmouth bass,
black crappie - limited clinical signs
Initial Challenges - Canada
•
Low level detection from samples of mass mortalities
•
Economically unimportant species (freshwater drum)
•
Poor quality samples from wild mortalities
•
History of routine mass mortalities - ? VHS significance
•
No obvious ‘point source’
•
Multiple trans-boundary movements of live fish - control options
•
Initial identification via academic to OIE reference laboratory Late entry involvement of official authorities
•
Scientific interests/investment in diagnosis (primary publication)
vs. OIE reporting requirements
Initial Challenges - USA
•
2006 - Mass mortalities scattered and multi species
•
Downstream linkage to 2005 Ontario mortalities not
clear (scattered detections; links to 2003 samples
from Michigan)
•
Authority for management/regulation of wild aquatic
resources lies with border States; hence federal
involvement also ‘late entry’.
•
Significant RA pressure - catfish production and
recreational fishing resources downstream from the
Great Lakes (Mississippi watershed).
Risk Assessment Challenges
• Unknown risk to farmed resources (catfish, rainbow
trout, etc.) and inland water bodies
• Spring detections precede activities by major
freshwater resource movements for enhancement
and recreational use
• Significant water and resource movements into and
within the Lakes watershed outside official AAH
authorities
• Unknown geographic extent…
Precautionary Control Measures
Border controls imposed by USA with concomitant
internal controls
•
•
Similar controls imposed by Ontario in Canada and by various
states in the US (e.g., New York, Wisconsin, Michigan)
Precautionary measures pending establishment of the geographic
extent of the virus
US respected Canadian federal farm testing for VHS
which documented proof of Freedom
•
3.(a): Permissible International Movement of VHS Susceptible
Species of Live Fish: “…if shipment meets the requirements set
forth in Title 50, Code of Federal Regulations, Sections 16.13 (a)
(3) and 16.13(b)”
Declaration of Disease Freedom
A zone or compartment within the territory of one or
more countries not declared free from [VHS] may be
declared free by the Competent Authority(ies) of the
country(ies) concerned, if the zone or compartment
meets the conditions referred to in points 1, 2, 3 or 4
(next slide)
If a zone or compartment extends over more than one
country, it can only be declared an [VHS] free zone or
compartment if all the Competent Authorities confirm
that the conditions have been met.
OIE Four Pathways to Disease Freedom
for Zones and Compartments
1
2
3
Absence of
Susceptible Species
AND 10 y of Biosecurity
(or since inception)
Historically free
(no occurrence OR
eradication/no occurrence
for 25 y)
AND 10 y of Biosecurity
(or since inception)
E.g., Tilapia
Brook trout
Arctic char
Rainbow trout
FW Atlantic salmon
hatcheries
RECORDS:
Laboratory results
Population survey
Sentinel sites
Academic or other studies
Import history
4
If occurrence within 25 y
AND eradication OR
ceased to occur for > 2 y
Put in biosecurity
measures
Status previously
unknown
(susceptible species AND
no records)
Inputs free of disease.
e.g., groundwater/ treated
surface water/headwater;
or health plans/ records.
What: Zones and/or
compartments.
Surveillance
How: e.g.,
questionnaires,
Monitoring and/or
targeted sampling.
Maintenance of Status
Certificate for
Disease Freedom
Biosecurity measures
maintained
Targeted surveillance
NOT required
Bilateral Surveillance
Transboundary Surveillance Design
• Federal coordination of stakeholder input
CFIA AAHD and USDA APHIS for Provinces and States and Industry
• Single document with agreed-to definitions; protocols; standards and
communications plan
Objectives
• Map spatial extent and susceptible species
• Baseline for review of effective management and control |
(e.g., certification of disease freedom)
Implementation
• Initial regional scope (Great Lakes – focus suspect high risk)
• Targeted surveillance - freshwater species, based on risk factors and
the Can-USA surveillance plan.
Transboundary targeted surveillance challenges
Developing QA/QC
• Field and laboratory test validation
• Need for rapid diagnostic technologies (qPCR) and high through-put
• Coordination and logistics of field and laboratory capacity: (federal -
DFO), field crews (provincial), and information/results management
• Managing stakeholder expectations…
Disease Control based on surveillance results
• Information sharing for revising precautionary measures
Conclusions:
Collaboration and transparency
1. Management and zonation need to be
watershed/hydrographically based
2. Compartmentalization (not just zonation) can span
borders based on industry management practices
3. Viral strain differentiation critical when control
measures are required /triggered
4. Alternate streams of evidence are also critical for
establishing disease freedom
Conclusions:
Balancing science and sovereignty
Different countries have different:
1. regulatory frameworks
2. stakeholder interests/priorities
Balance and transparency equates to:
1. respecting and adapting to political
differences
2. maintaining protection from disease threat
to stakeholder/country interests/priorities
Questions?
~
Preguntas?
Thank you
~
Muchas
Gracias