Transcript Overview of an Automated Workplace Survey Record

The Basics of
Chemical & Biological Safety for
Radiation Safety Professionals
Robert Emery, DrPH, CHP, CIH, CSP, RBP, CHMM, CPP, ARM
Vice President for Safety, Health, Environment, Risk Management & Quality Assurance
The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
Associate Professor of Occupational Health
The University of Texas School of Public Health
Public Health Significance:
Chemicals
• Over 30 million American workers are exposed to
hazardous chemicals in their workplaces. That is
equivalent to 1 out 5 workers
http://www.osha.gov/dsg/hazcom/finalmsdsreport.html
• Approximately 20,000 cancer deaths and 40,000 new
cases of cancer each year in the U.S. are attributable to
occupational exposure - http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/cancer/
• In 2001, out of 14,500 reported cases of occupational
respiratory conditions due to toxic agents, 2,800 (19%) of
them were reported from Health Services Industry. http://www2a.cdc.gov/drds/WorldReportData/FigureTableDetails.asp?FigureTableID=
959&GroupRefNumber=T11-03
Public Health Significance:
Bloodborne Biological
Agents
• Approximately 1,000 accidental
needlesticks occur per day nationwide.
• The probability of contracting HBV from a
needlestick injury is anywhere between
22 and 40 percent.
• HBV can survive a week outside a living
organism.
•
•
http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-62450723.html
http://www.traveldoc.com/download/needlestick.pdf
Industrial Hygiene
• The art and science devoted to the
anticipation, recognition, evaluation and
control of all workplace environmental
factors which may cause sickness,
impaired health or significant discomfort
among workers or the citizens of the
community.
Elements of a Chemical
Safety Program
• Hazard Communication
– 29 CFR 1910.1200
• Laboratory Standard
– 29 CFR 1910.1450
• Occupational exposure monitoring
– 29 CFR 1910.1000
• Respiratory Protection
– 29 CFR 1910.134
• PPE
– 29 CFR 1910.132
• Emergency spill preparation and response
– 29 CFR 1910.120
Hazard Communication /
Laboratory Standard
• Performance standards
• Development and implementation of
Chemical Hygiene Plan
• Primary emphasis on administrative
controls to protect workers
• Readily accessible
Chemical Hygiene Plan
Plan should include:
• Responsibilities
• Standard Operating Procedures
• Plans for Controlling Chemical Exposures
• Engineering Controls
• Medical Consultation and Review
• Chemical Hygiene Officer
• Special Provisions for Hazardous Chemical
Use
Who Should Be Trained
and When?
• Any employee that is assigned to a
work area where hazardous chemicals
are present.
• At the time of an employee’s initial
assignment
• Prior to assignments involving new
exposure situations
• Refresher information and training
– “...shall be determined by the employer.”
What Must be Included?
• The contents and appendices of the standard
• The location, availability, and details of the
written Chemical Hygiene Plan
• The PEL’s for OSHA regulated substances or
OEL’s for other hazardous chemicals
• Signs and symptoms associated with exposure
• Location and availability of reference material
on the hazards, safe handling, storage, and
disposal
• Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) availability
and location
• Methods to detect presence or release of
hazardous chemicals
Material Safety Data
Sheets
• Standard 16 section ANSI format
• Provided by manufacturers and
distributors
• Required by 29 CFR 1910.1200(g)
• Contains specific information of
chemical properties, hazards,
storage, ...etc.
• Periodically updated by manufacturer
Dose-Response
Relationships
• Paracelsus (1493-1541) “All
substances are poisons; there is none
which is not a poison. The right dose
differentiates a poison….”
Evaluation of Toxicity
• Lethal dose 50 or LD50 usually in
mg/kg
• Lethal concentration 50 or LC50
usually in ppm or mg/L or mg/m3
• Lowest concentration to cause death
in test animals: LDlo and LClo
• The lower these values the more toxic
the chemical
Risk Assessment for
Hazardous Chemicals
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Identify chemicals and how used
Consult sources of information
Evaluate toxicity type
Consider routes of exposure
Evaluate quantitative toxicity information
Decide how to minimize exposure
Prepare for possible
accidents/emergencies
Working with Hazardous
Chemicals
•
•
•
•
•
Hazards are not always known
New chemicals are often generated
Be prepared for accidents
Limit access to areas with chemicals
Wash hands before leaving work
area
• Assume mixtures are more toxic
than individual components
Minimize Chemical
Exposures
• Wear eye protection: glasses, goggles,
face shields
• Use laboratory hoods
• Be careful when handling syringes filled
with chemicals
• Wear appropriate gloves
• Keep body covered: pants, lab coat,
appropriate shoes
• Use respiratory protection as a last
resort
Evaluation
• Instrumentation
– Air Sampling
• Active
• Passive
• Direct reading
– Ventilation
– Noise
Sampling Strategy
• Determine what types of exposure hazards
are present
• Assess the sources and degree of exposure
to each significant hazard
• Select methods and equipment, perform
calibrations and assure that adequate quality
control exists
• Evaluate and interpret the sampling data
• Apply results to minimize the hazards that
might be present
Permissible Exposure Limit
(PEL)
• Published by OSHA
– Legally enforceable
• Originally extracted from the 1968
TLVs
• Typically slow to change
Threshold Limit Value
(TLV)
• Published annually by ACGIH
• Threshold Limit Value-Time Weighted
Average (TLV-TWA)
– Time weighted concentration for a
conventional 8-hour work day and a 40hour work week, to which nearly all
workers may be exposed, day after day
without adverse effects
Threshold Limit Value
(TLV)
• Threshold Limit Value-Short Term Exposure
Limit (TLV-STEL)
– 15 minute TWA, maximal concentration to which
workers can be exposed for a period of up to 15
minutes without suffering from any adverse
effects
– < 15 minutes & not be repeated more than four
times daily with at least 60 minutes between
successive exposures in this range
• Threshold Limit Value-Ceiling (TLV-C)
– Concentration that should not be exceeded
during any part of the working exposure
Control
• Engineering
– Design specifications
– Isolation
– Ventilation
• Administrative
– Scheduling
– Location
– Substitution
Control
• Personal Protective Equipment
– Respirators
– Chemical barriers
• Gloves, lab-coats, boots
– Safety goggles or glasses
Hazardous Chemical Waste
• Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (EPA)
• Waste Characterization
• Mixed waste
References
• Prudent Practices in the Laboratory, Handling and Disposal
of Chemicals. National Research Council. Washington, D.C.:
National Academy Press, 1995.
• Hall, Stephen K. Chemical Safety in the Laboratory. Boca
Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1994.
• Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and
Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati,
OH: ACGIH, 2009.
• CRC Handbook of Laboratory Safety. A. Keith Furr, CRC
Press.
• OSHA Hazard Communication Standard 29 CFR1910.1200
• OSHA Laboratory Standard 29 CFR 1910.1450
• OSHA Hazardous waste operations and emergency
response 29 CFR 1910.120
The Basics of Biological
Safety for Radiation Safety
Professionals
Robert Emery, DrPH, CHP, CIH, CSP, RBP, CHMM, CPP, ARM
Vice President for Safety, Health, Environment, Risk Management & Quality Assurance
The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
Associate Professor of Occupational Health
The University of Texas School of Public Health
What Is Biological
Safety?
• The field of biosafety promotes infection
control, safe laboratory practices,
procedures, and proper use of
containment equipment and facilities; and
provides advice on laboratory design as it
relates to biological and infectious agents
Where HPs May Encounter
Biological Hazards
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Healthcare institutions
Research institution
Bioassay samples
Emergency response
Mixed waste
Other duties as assigned
Etc.
Areas of Biosafety
• Bloodborne pathogens (BBP)
– OSHA Bloodborne Pathogens Standard 29 CFR
1910.1030
• Biological waste disposal
– State regulations concerning biological waste disposal
• Laboratory Safety
– Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical
Laboratories 5th ed. CDC/NIH
• Infectious substance and diagnostic specimen
shipping
– IATA, DOT, & USPS Dangerous Goods Regulations
Areas of Biosafety
• Recombinant DNA (rDNA)
– NIH Guidelines on Recombinant DNA Molecules
• Respiratory Protection
– 29 CFR 1910.134 (139 TB standard repealed)
• Bioterrorism
– Select Agents, 42 CFR 73 (human), 9 CFR 121
(animal); 7 CFR 331 (plant)
• Mold and indoor air quality
– Mold Assessment and Remediation 25 TAC 1 295 J
– Indoor Air Quality 25 TAC 1 297 A
• Occupational safety and health in the use of
research animals
Risk Assessment
• Process to determine the
appropriate containment level and
procedures
• Factors include:
• Pathogenicity, route of transmission,
concentration, origin, availability of
prophylaxis, experience, rDNA work,
genes of interest, replication
competence, etc…
Hazard Classifications of
Microbial Agents (1-4)
• Risk Group 1
– Minimal hazard to humans, not known
to cause disease in healthy adults
• Risk Group 2
– Agents associated with disease which
is rarely serious or there is treatment
available, generally oral or inoculation
hazards
Hazard Classifications of
Microbial Agents (1-4)
• Risk Group 3
– High individual risk, associated with
serious disease which may or may not
have treatment, generally aerosol
transmission hazard
• Risk Group 4
– Serious or lethal disease for which there is
not usually a therapeutic intervention,
generally dangerous and exotic viruses
Biosafety in Microbiological
and Biomedical
Laboratories (BMBL)
Download 5th Ed
HHS Publication No. (CDC) 938395
at www.cdc.gov and search
“BMBL 5th”
BMBL Contents
•
•
•
•
•
•
Principles of Biosafety
Laboratory Biosafety Level Criteria
Animal Biosafety Level Criteria
Risk Assessment
Recommended Biosafety Levels
Biological Agent Summaries
Biological Safety Levels
• Biosafety levels are combinations of
facilities and practices:
Level 1: basic lab, good lab practices
Level 2: limited lab access, specific
training and practices
Level 3: containment (biosafety
cabinet), specific training and practices
Level 4: full containment, specific
facility, training and practices
Biosafety Level 3
Facility
Biological Safety Cabinets
(BSC)
• BSC Class I: negative pressure
ventilated cabinet; no product protection
• BSC Class II: HEPA filtered exhaust:
provides product and personnel
protection. 2 types – A & B
• BSC Class III: fully contained glove box
Biological Safety Cabinets
• Class II Biological safety cabinet
Figure courtesy of CDC/NIH BMBL
BBP Standard
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
29 CFR 1910.1030
Exposure Control Plan
Exposure determination
Work practices
Standard / Universal Precautions
HBV vaccination
Labeling
Potentially infectious waste handling
Medical evaluation
Training
Microbial Sampling
• Not routinely done or recommended
•
•
•
•
•
Source
Air
Bulk
Culturable versus Non-culturable
Building should be evaluated under normal
operating conditions
• Note conditions during sampling
• Results generally reported in CFU (colony
forming units)
• No standards for results comparison
The Select Agent Rule
Emerging Issue - Select
Agents and Bioterrorism
• Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of
1996 (PL 104-132)
•
Invoke transport requirements, and prohibited possession as
weapons
• USA PATRIOT Act (PL 107-56)
– Effective 10/16/01
•
•
Outlawed the possession of 49 Select Agents for any use:
peaceful, research, or intentional
Outlawed use if a “restricted person”
• Public Health Security and Bioterrorism
Preparedness and Response Act of 2002
– Effective 6/12/02
•
Select Agent regulations
Summary
• Biosafety is much more than the
bloodborne pathogens standard
• Risk assessment process is the key to
properly classifying and reviewing work
with infectious agents or rDNA
• Sampling not routinely recommended
• Emerging field!
References
• American Biological Safety Association www.absa.org
• Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical
Laboratories, 5th ed. CDC/NIH 2007.
• Guidelines for Research Involving Recombinant DNA
Molecules (NIH Guidelines) April 2002.
• OSHA, Occupational Exposure to Bloodborne
Pathogens 29 CFR 1910.1030
• ABSA risk group classifications
http://www.absa.org/riskgroups/index.htm
• Health Canada MSDS for Biological Agents
http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/pphb-dgspsp/msdsftss/index.html
• Biological Safety Principles and Practices 3rd Edition.
Diane Fleming & Debra Hunt. ASM Press.