Transcript Unprotected Sex, Chlamydia and Infertility

Unprotected Sex, Chlamydia
and Infertility
Leah Fowler
Tyler McGrath
Meg Celidonia
Unprotected sex
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Little or no use of a condom
Can lead to repeated infection of the
host
Can be very difficult to get rid of
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Discontinuing of antibiotics
Repeated encounters with infected individual
www.durrparty.com
Chlamydia
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Caused by Chlamydia trachomatis
1.4 million cases reported in the US in 2012
Estimated 2.86 million new infections a year
Estimated 1 in 15 sexually active 14-19 year old
females are infected
Epiandbiostats.net
Eggandspermrace.com
A “Silent” Disease
95% of males and 75% of females
have no symptoms
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Possibly dysuria or vaginal/urethral discharge
Janinehuldie.com
Pathology
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Host epithelial cells infected
Inflammatory response initiated
Neutrophils and monocytes respond
T cells control the infection
Tubal damage is done
Possible infertility
Management
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Easily treated with antibiotics
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Erythromycin or Azithromycin
Both partners must be treated
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Possible reinfection
Medimoon.com
Host Induced Immunity
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Happens but is ineffective
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Possible reasons:
Short lived
 Long development time
 Prevented due to antibiotic interference
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Taylor & Haggerty, 2002
Vaccines
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Long term immunity has been tested but has
been ineffective
The best way to make a vaccine:
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Make one that stimulates the current immune
response in hopes of it being more effective and
longer lasting.
More research needs to be done for more
effective methods
Taylor & Haggerty, 2002
Treatment for both
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(EPT) Expedited Partner Therapy program
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Implemented in 27 states
When a case is found:
Antibiotics are prescribed for the partner
 Done without any exam on them
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If left untreated…
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Females - may cause Pelvic Inflammatory
Disease (PID), ectopic pregnancy and
infertility
Males - may cause epididymitis, impaired
sperm production and infertility
cdc.gov
Smashinglist.com
Sexandyeastinfection.com
Infertility
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The effects of infertility go far beyond the inability to
conceive
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Physical
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Being infertile
Scarring of the epididymis or fallopian tubes
Possible pain (PID)
Emotional
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Diminished quality of life
Sorrow
Powerlessness
Emotionalaffair.org
Akande, Turner, Horner, Horne & Pacey, 2010
Infertility in Males
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Infertility originally focused on females
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Research has shown the effects are the same in the
male and can lead to:
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Poor sperm quality
Immobile sperm
Premature sperm apoptosis
Scarring of the ejaculatory ducts
Inhibition of spermatogenesis
Akande, Turner, Horner, Horne & Pacey, 2010
Testing and Screening
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Due to the lack of symptoms screening is
rare and treatment may be too late
Labs done within hours
Testing:
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Urine
Swabs
Safesexnoregrets.nt.gov
Health Promotion/Prevention
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Targeted age group should be screened
Education is key
If sexually active:
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Wear a condom or dental dam
Be monogamous with someone that does not
have a chlamydia infection
cdc.gov
NHS
NHS
Shoutmeloud.com
References
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Ackley, B., & Ladwig, G. (2006). Nursing diagnosis handbook. (7th ed., p. 78). Philadelphia, PA:
Mosby Inc.
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Akande, V., Turner, C., Horner, P., Horne, A., & Pacey, A. (2010, September). Impact of Chlamydia
trachomatis in the reproductive setting: British Fertility Society Guidelines for practice. Human
Fertility, 13(3), 115-125. doi:10.3109/14647273.2010.513893
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CDC Grand Rounds: Chlamydia Prevention: Challenges and Strategies for Reducing Disease Burden and
Sequelae [Electronic version]. (2011, April 1). MMWR: Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report,
60(12), 370-373.
References
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014, February 13). Infertility. Retrieved from
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/fertile.htm
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Darville, T., & Hiltke, T. (2010). Pathogenesis of genital tract disease due to chlamydia
trachomatis. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 201(2), 114-116.
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Navarro, C., Jolly A., Nair, R., & Chen, Y. (2002). Risk factors for genital chlamydial infection. The
Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 13(3), 195-207. Retrieved March 25, 2014, from the
NCBI database.
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Taylor, B. D., & Haggerty, C. L. (2011, January 19). Management of Chlamydial trachomatis genital
tract. Infection and Drug Resistance, 19-29. doi:10.2147/IDR.S12715
References
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Stds & infertility. (2013, 10 30). Retrieved from cdc.gov/std/infertility