Transcript 同步辐射医学成像

医学物理学
同步辐射原理与医学应用
张新夷
物理楼243室
65643522
[email protected]
http://phylab.fudan.edu.cn
第二讲 同步辐射医学成像进展
Won the first Nobel
Prize in Physics
in 1901.
Roentgen began
the practice of
radiology
by presenting an
X-ray photograph
of his wife’s hand
in January of
1896.
RADIOLOGY more than one CENTURY
-- by American College of Radiology
1895
• Roentgen discovers the X ray on November 8.
1896
• Roentgen’s discovery launches rapidly a flurry
of experimentation around the world.
• In March, a “Roentgen photograph” is
introduced as evidence in a courtroom.
• Hospitals begin acquiring X-ray equipment.
The “first radiograph of the human brain”
is actually a pan of cat intestines.
This image
was
made by
Francis
Williams of
Boston, one of
the first
radiologists,
in March 1896.
1896
1900
Angiographic work
began in January,
1896, with this
post-mortem
injection of mercury
compounds.
First use a contrast medium
1901
• Roentgen wins the first Nobel Laureate in
Physics prize.
1904
• Edison’s assistant in X-ray research, dies of
extreme and repeated X-ray exposure.
1919
• Dr. Carlos Heuser, an Argentine radiologist, is
the first to use a contrast medium in a living
human circulatory system.
First practices of modern
angiography
1920–1929
• Chest X rays are used to screen for tuberculosis
• Roentgen dies February 10, 1923.
• Drs. Graham and Cole discover in 1923 how to
visualize the gall bladder with X rays by using
contrast media.
• The first practices of modern angiography are
developed in 1927 by a Portuguese physician,
who is the first to create images of the
circulatory system in the living brain.
The first image of
a human coronary
artery recorded
in vivo with SR.
This coronary
angiogram was
done at the SSRL
in May 1986.
An image of a
human coronary
artery recorded
in vivo
at the NSLS, in
Nov. 1992.
Improvements in
the imaging
system have
increased the
quality of the
angiogram.
First “tomograph”
1930–1939
• In 1936, the first “tomograph”, an X-ray
“slice” of the body, is presented at a
radiology meeting. and foreshadows the
development in the 1970s of CT.
1950–1959
• Dr. W. Goodwin introduces the concept of
X-ray guided nephrostomy.
肾造口术
Finding breast cancers with high accuracy
1960–1969
• In 1960, Dr. Robert Egan publishes the
results of an intensive, three-year study of
mammography, with an accuracy in finding
breast cancers is remarkable (97–99%).
• Drs. Dotter and Judkins are the first to
report performing an angioplasty.
血管重建术
CT, Angioplasty
1970–1979
• CT, or computed tomography, which takes
X-ray “slices” of the body and images
them on a computer screen, is introduced.
• With the addition of computer technology,
to create 3-dimensional images.
• Swiss physician Dr. Andreas Gruntvig
invents balloon angioplasty.
Phase contrast imaging，
Teleradiology
1980–Today
• Phase contrast imaging for soft tissues
with SR.
• Teleradiology, the ability to send images
through the “information superhighway,” is
introduced.
1986
First human
coronary angiogram
with SR
1927
First practices
of modern angiography
1919
Use contrast medium
in a living human
~2000
Phase contrast
imaging
with SR
1960
Mammography
1970s
CT
1896
Angiographic work
1920s
Chest X rays
to screen for TB 1936
Tomograph
1895
Roentgen photograph
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
How is the story of a century of
medical radiology
• To improve on the faint images, borrowing from
advances in physics, chemistry, pharmacology,
nuclear science, computers, telemetry and
information science, is the story of a century of
medical radiology.
• A century later, the vastly more sophisticated
arts of medical imaging are still based upon the
recognition that body parts absorb X rays
according to their density.
吸收衬度成像
吸收衬度成像是利用
X-射线在穿透样品时，
样品对X-射线的吸收
系数不同从而引起吸
收强度的不同来记录
图像的。
吸收衬度成像
冠状动脉血管造影
How is the story of medical
radiology in the future
• SR-based imaging might change medical
practice.
• To observe inside of various organs is the
story of medical radiology.
• The future more sophisticated arts of
medical imaging are based upon the
recognition that body parts absorb X rays
according to their density, as well as the
change of phase.
位相衬度成像
• 位相衬度成像是利用空间相干的X-射线透
过样品后携带的位相信息来成像。
• 位相衬度成像是近几年发展起来的一种新
的成像方法，与吸收衬度成像相比，这种
技术的敏感度要高1000倍。这样，就可以
对神经组织、肺腺泡结构等成像，以及在
不用造影剂的情况下来显示软组织的内部
结构。
scattering
absorption
X-rays
refraction
Sample
N(ω,k)=nR(ω,k)+inI(ω,k)
• Absorption
• Refraction
• Extinction
(small angle scattering free)
Diffraction Enhanced Imaging (DEI)
在分析晶体接受角范围内，X-射线的衍射
强度依赖于入射角，这种关系称为摇摆曲线。
Relative Intensity
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
Analyzer Angle(second)
20
N(ω,k)=nR(ω,k)+inI(ω,k)
• At top → “pure”
absorption
• Ileft+Iright → aparent
absorption
(absorption including
small angle scattering)
• Ileft- Iright → refraction
imaging
Relative Intensity
(absorption and small
angle scattering rejected)
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
Analyzer Angle(second)
20
Three kinds of images are usually recorded.
Relative Intensity
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
Diffraction image
0.2
0.0
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
Analyzer Angle(second)
20
+
Relative Intensity
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
Analyzer Angle(second)
Apparent absorption image
Relative Intensity
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
Analyzer Angle(second)
Refraction image
20
衍射增强成像结果（脚趾）
传统的同步辐
射图像
同步辐射衍
射增强图像
IL-XPCT
in-line X-ray phase contrast computerized tomography
中极穴
中极穴旁开
足三里穴
足三里穴旁开
考试题
选择以下一篇文章为主题，作口头报
告，重点说明同步辐射在科学研究中的作
用。
1. 揭示生命能量之源--ATP合酶三维结构的同
步辐射研究，田亮、张新夷，核技术,
26(1)2(2003).
2. 细胞膜通道与同步辐射，闫晓辉、田亮、
张新夷，核技术,27(1)1(2004).
祝好运
再见