Transcript Computer’s role in Medical - University of Wisconsin

Medical
Computing
By Tuyen T Nguyen
University of Wisconsin-Platteville
Spring 2006
Introduction
Medical Computing in the US in the past 30 years.
Remarkable revolution
Result obtained from technology evolution are
sophisticated
No surgery on every case
Noninvasive procedures
Required less time
More accurate results
Cost less
Introduction…
The use of computer technology such as:
CAT
Ultrasound
MRI
ENDOSCOPY
Pacemaker
Photoshop CS2
Nuclear magnetic
History of Computer
Imaging
Early computer graphics
(1960’s-1970’s) were based
on devices that drew vectors
(straight lines) and that was
all.
Perhaps the most important
advantage relevant to
medical applications is that
the interior of the objects are
accessible to the viewer
Given surgeon a much better
view
AbioCor Artificial Heart
The AbioCor Implant able
replacement heart is the first
completely self-contained
artificial heart
It is expected to at least
double the life expectancy of
heart patients compare
without a heart implant
On July 2, 2001 Dr. William
Devries at Jewish Hospital in
Louisville, Kentucky
performed a first artificial
heart transplant.
Jarvik Artificial Heart
Dr. William Devries
implanted the Jarvik-7 into
several patients.
One patient implanted
Jarvik-7 survived 620 days.
Artificial hearts are used only
on a temporary basis until a
human heart becomes
available.
Artificial Heart
Continue…
Internal Controller
Unit – This small
electronic device is
implanted in the
patient’s abdominal
wall. It monitors and
controls the
pumping speed of
the heart.
Sensorized Artificial
Heart
Next Generation
Artificial Heart
With noninvasive
sensors to realize
the safety treatment
and effective control
for the patients.
Sensorized Artificial
Heart…
Tsukuba BioTelemetry System
Observe the
condition of the
patients
Driving condition of
artificial heart from a
remote place online.
Ultrasound
A basic ultrasound
machine has the following
parts:
- transducer probe
- central processing unit
(CPU)
- transducer pulse controls
- display
- keyboard/cursor
- disk storage device
- printer
Ultrasound…
Central processing unit
(CPU)- computer that does
all of the calculations and
contains the electrical power
supplies for itself and the
transducer probe.
The CPU is the brain of the
ultrasound machine. It is a
computer that contains the
microprocessor, memory,
amplifiers and power
supplies for the
microprocessor and
transducer probe.
Ultrasound …
The machine calculates
the distance from the
probe to the tissue or
organ (boundaries)
using the speed of
sound in tissue and the
time of each echo’s
return.
Ultrasound …
Ultrasound is use to check
on the developing baby or
determine the due date.
If one is having problems
with blood circulation in a
limb or heart, a Doppler
ultrasound can check on the
blood flow.
Ultrasound has been a
popular medical imaging
technique for many years.
3D Ultrasound Imaging
Ultrasound machines
capable of three-dimensional
imaging have been
developed.
In these machines, several
two-dimensional images are
acquired by moving the
probes across the body
surface or rotating inserted
probes.
The two-dimensional scans
are then combined by
specialized computer
software to form 3D images.
X-rays
X-rays are basically the
same thing as visible light
rays. Both are wavelike
forms of electromagnetic
energy carried by particles
called photons.
The difference between Xrays and visible light rays is
the energy level of the
individual photons.
X-rays Continue …
X-rays let doctors peer
inside a patient without any
surgery at all.
Computer aided detection, or
CAD, takes either an x-ray or
digital mammogram image
and with the press of a
button marks areas of
concern – like calcifications
subtle abnormalities that a
radiologist may have missed.
Computerized Axial
Topography Scan
CAT scan takes the idea of
conventional x-ray imaging
to a new level. Instead of
finding the outline of bones
and organs, a CAT scan
machine forms a full threedimensional computer model
of a patient’s insides.
Doctors can even examine
the body one narrow slice at
a time to pinpoint specific
areas.
CAT Continue …
In a CAT scan machine,
the x-ray beam moves
all around the patient,
scanning from hundreds
of different angles.
The computer takes all
this information and
puts together a 3-D
image of the body.
CAT Continue …
This figure shows a
scanned liver slice.
Since they examine the
body slice by slice, from
all angles, CAT scans
are much more
comprehensive than
conventional x-rays.
Magnetic Resonance
Image (MRI) Scan
MRI, medical diagnostic
technique that creates
images of the body using the
principles of nuclear
magnetic resonance.
MRI can generate thinsection images of any part of
the body – including the
heart, arteries, and veins –
from any angle and direction,
without surgical invasion and
in a relatively short period of
time.
MRI Scan …
The main magnet immerses
the patient in a stable and
very intense magnetic field,
and the gradient magnets
create a variable field.
The rest of an MRI system
consists of a very powerful
computer system, some
equipment that allows us to
transmit RF (radio
frequency) pulses into the
patient’s body while they are
in the scanner, and many
order secondary
components.
MRI …
This image set is
comparing a young
individual (left) with an
athletic male in his 80’s
(center) and with a
person of similar age
having Alzheimer’s
disease (right), all
imaged at the same
level.
Computer Technology in
Endoscopy
The endoscope has
revolutionized the field
of gastroenterology.
Through it, doctor can
directly examine almost
any part of the intestinal
tract.
Biopsies can also be
obtained
Here is the picture of
the normal stomach.
Endoscopy…
A thin, flexible, lighted
tube called an
endoscope will insert
through the mouth or
rectum.
The endoscope
transmits an image of
the inside of the
esophagus, stomach,
and duodenum, so the
physician can examine
the lining of these organs.
Endoscopy …
The scope also blows air into the stomach; this
expands the folds of tissue and makes it easier for
the physician to examine the stomach.
The physician can see abnormalities, like
inflammation or bleeding, through the endoscope that
don’t show up well on X-rays.
The physician can also insert instruments into the
scope to treat bleeding abnormalities or remove
samples of tissue (biopsy) for further tests.
Pacemaker
Pacemakers are prescribed
for people of all ages whose
hearts beat too slowly.
Pacemakers detect the slow
heart rate and send electrical
impulses to the heart to
stimulate the heart muscle to
beat faster.
Well over 2 million
pacemakers have been
implanted worldwide since
1960.
System for Programming and
Monitoring Implanted Devices
This specialized computer
system is used to
communicate with implanted
devices such as pacemakers
and defibrillators through the
skin.
Using this computer, the
doctor can read information
from the device’s memory to
determine if abnormal
cardiac episodes occurred,
such as cardiac arrest.
Monitoring Implanted Devices
…
To interact with a pacemaker or defibulator device, a
doctor places a magnetic wand over the device. This
allow the system to:
- Receive information from the device. Based on this
information, the doctor or nurse may want to change
the therapy.
- Send instructions to the device. When the therapy
needs to change, the doctor can send the new
instructions to the device without any surgery.
Monitoring Implanted Devices
…
The use of the computer system represents a big
step in using remote and internet-based technology
in the management of cardiac patients.
The remote viewing capability allows clinicians to
access real-time clinical expertise at a different
location quickly over standard telephone lines.
The clinical experts are able to see the exact data
being seen on the computer, thus increasing
efficiency and facilitating improved consulting and
troubleshooting sessions.
Nuclear magnetic
resonance technology
Was first described by
Felix Bloch and Edward
Mills Purcell in 1946.
Both shared the Nobel
Prize in physics in 1952
for their discovery.
Uses high magnetic
fields and ratiofrequency pulses to
manipulate the spin
states of nuclei, and
reflect the position of
nucleic within the
molecule.
Nuclear Magnetic
Continue …
Most famous use is in
magnetic resonance
imaging for medical
diagnosis.
Provides anatomical
definition of normal and
abnormal tissues.
Also use to diagnostic
imaging of the breast
and regions of the
abdomen.
Nuclear Magnetic
Continue …
In several respects,
NMR spectroscopy
offers a technique
complementary to X-ray
crystallography and
neutron diffraction.
An important
consideration is that
NMR structures
typically are obtained
from proteins in
solution, with no
requirement that the
protein be crystallizable.
Adobe Photoshop CS2
What is Adobe
Photoshop CS2?
The professional
image-editing
Can achieve an
amazing result
Adobe Photoshop CS2 …
System requirement:
Intel Xeon
Intel Centino
Pentium III or 4 processor
320 MB of RAM
650 of available hard-disk space
Adobe Photoshop CS2 …
Who need this?
Anyone who want a professional result
when creating, editing, and retouching a
processing digital images
Wisely use in plastic surgery image!
Adobe Photoshop CS2 …
Who want to look 10
years younger
virtually? May be 5
years?
You can use Adobe
Photoshop to make
you look good AND
feel good!
Adobe Photoshop CS2 …
Limitation:
Only in 2D for graphics and photos
Can be in 3D with text
Can do many ‘real’ cool things
Conclusion
Computer technology has penetrates all
aspect of human life: internet access to
medical to military control defense system.
Advance technology from networking to
computer image provide the great tools for
medical field.
Offer great support in the diagnostic stage
and draw conclusion in a short period of time
It truly contributes a quality decision analysis
in healthcare system.
Reference
[1]Andrew Millman, Nicholas Lee, Andrew Brooke. BMJ 1995; 311:800-802(23
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http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/311/7008/800
[2] Advantech- ePlatform Services in Medical Computing. Retrieved April 1, 2006 from
www.advantech.com.tw/ePlatform/Med/introduction.asp
[3] Hadjiyski, L. Ph.D., Sahiner, B. Ph.D., Chan, H. Ph.D., Bogot, N. M.D., Cascade, P.
M.D., Kazerooni, E. M.D. (2004,
November 29). New computer-aided diagnosis
(CAD) methods for cancer. News-Medical.Net. Retrieved April 1,
2006, from
http://www.news-medical.net/?id=6495
[4] Photoshop Tutorials – Absolute Cross. Retrieved April 1, 2006 from
http://www.absolutecross.com/tutorials/photoshop/
[5] Nuclear magnetic resonance – Wikipedia, the free encyclopeda. Retrieved April 1, 2006 from
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance
[6] Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Retrieved April 1, 2006 from
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nuclear/nmr.html
[7] Jan Nissl, RN, BS. Paul D. Traughber, MD – Radiology. Kenneth B. Sutherland, DC, BSc, MD, FRCPC – Diagnostic
Radiology. Article: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Retrieved March 31, 2006 from
http://www.bchealthguide.org/kbase/topic/medtest/hw214278/descrip.htm
Reference…
[8] Medical Dictionary: Magnetic resonance imaging. Retrieved March 31, 2006
http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/medical/magnetic_resonance_imaging.htm
[9] Article: Coronary Artery Disease Screening Tests. Retrieved April 1, 2006
http://www.medicinenet.com/coronary_artery_disease_screening_tests_cad/article.htm
[10] Andy Anderson. Steve Johnson. Perspection. Inc. Adobe Photoshop CS
[11] McGraw-Hill - Concise Encyclopedia of engineering
[12] Eric J. Light – President. The Internal Medical Spa Association. Retrieved April 1, 2006
from
www.medicalspaassociation.org/vocabulary.htm
[13] How stuff works. Retrieved April 2, 2006 from
www.howstuffworks.com/ultrasound.htm
Thank you for listening
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