Principles of Radiology
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Transcript Principles of Radiology
Principles of Radiology
Daniel Podd RPA-C
Physics of Radiology
X-Rays produced by electron beam
hitting tungsten film target
Electrons strike film, metallic silver is
precipitated if no obstruction to beam,
resulting in bright film
Obstruction in path of beam prevents
silver precipitation; film remains dark
The negative of this film is known as
the Plain X-Ray, or radiograph
Positive
Negative (Developed)
Radiograph, “Plain Film”
Radiodensity as a Function of Thickness
Radiodensity as a Function of
Composition with Thickness Kept
Constant
X-Ray
A-D:
Radiolucent or
Radioopaque?
Why?
AP CHEST: Patient Position
AP CHEST
PA CHEST: Patient Position
L: Lung
R: Rib
T: Trachea
AK: Aortic
knob
A: Ascending
aorta
H: Heart
V: Vertebra
P: Pulmonary
artery
S: Spleen
Lateral
Bullet + PA only = ?
Bullet + PA & Lateral =
PA Chest
Lordotic
View
Fluoroscopy
Mechanism: Continuous X-ray beams from
below patient, amplified by intensifier
above patient;
broadcast on highresolution television
screen
Provides live animation
Imaging reversed vs xray
Uses: Barium swallow to evaluate esophagus,
small and large intestines, vessel catheter guidance
Fluoroscopy
Spot Film:
Single X-ray
during
procedure.
Film
developed
into negative
Angiography
Mechanism: Uses X-rays and intravascular
injection of iodinated contrast to evaluate
arterial (arteriogram) and venous
(venogram)
systems
Vasoocclusive
disease
Most approaches
via femoral artery
or vein
Computerized Axial Tomography
Cross-sectional slice radiographs of the
body using thin beam of X-rays
through desired axial plane
Slices up to 1.0 mm that represent
density values; no superimposed
images
Viewed as if facing patient and looking
up through feet
Density Less Dense: Air, Fat (black)
More Dense: Bone (white)
CT Scan
CT Scan Angiography
3DCT, 3-Dimensional CT scan
Injection of IV contrast to enhance
vascular system
Useful for aortic aneurysms, coronary
heart disease, carotid vascular
occlusive disease
CT Scan Angiography
Ultrasound
Mechanism: High-frequency sound
waves beamed directed into body, onto
organs and their interfaces; transducer
receives and interprets reflection of
these beams from organs
Acoustic Impedance: beam absorption
by tissues, based on density and
velocity of sound through different
adjoining tissue types
Ultrasound
Image (echo) produced when different
neighboring tissues reflect different
acoustic impedances
Solid organs, fat, & stones: Echogenic
(white)
Fluid & cysts: Anechoic (black)
Ultrasound
Ultrasound
Advantages
1. No ionizing radiation
2. Applicable to any plane
3. Cost-effective
4. Portable
5. Real-time imaging
Disadvantages
1. Time consuming
2. Poorer quality
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Mechanism: Patient placed in magnet
tunnel; radio waves passed through body in
pulses. Pulses returned from tissues,
transformed into 2D image based on relaxing
times: T1 & T2
T1
T2
High Signal (brightness) Low Signal
fat,
blood (gray), solid
medullary bone
mass, cysts, air,
compact bone
tumors, solid
compact bone, blood,
masses, CSF, cysts fat, air
MRI
Advantages vs CT:
1. Multiplanar scanning
2. Better soft-tissue differentiation
3. Contrast-free 3DMR
Contraindications:
Metals, clips, pacemakers
MRI
T1
T2
Normal
CXR
Normal
CXR
Enlarged
Hila
Aortic Knob
Hilar Mass
(Left)
Right vs Left Pulmonary Artery
Kerley B-Lines
• Fine horizontal
opacified
lines representing
pulmonary edema
• Seen in CHF,
pulmonary fibrosis,
heavy metal
fibrosis,
malignancy
Blunted Costophrenic Angle
Lung Mass: Cavitation
Lung Mass: Solid Tissue
Air Space (Alveolar) Disease
Interstitial Disease
Alveolar or Interstitial?
Alveolar or Interstitial?
Alveolar or Interstitial?
Lobar Consolidation: Right
• Think anatomically
3 Lobes
RUL and RML located
Anterior to heart
Obliteration of
mediastinum and cardiac
borders
Right CoPhS intact
RLL located Lateral to
heart, but anterior to
diaphragm
Obliteration of right
CoPhS
Right heart border
intact
Lobar Consolidation: Left
LUL lies anterior to LLL located lateral
heart and superior
to heart and
to diaphragm (and
anterior to
LLL)
diaphragm
Obliteration of left Obliteration of left
heart border only
hemidiaphragm
Left
Left heart border
hemidiaphragm
intact
intact
Where Is This Consolidation?
Diaphragm
Gastric Bubble
Diaphragm: Expiration vs
Inspiration
Pleura
Anatomically, the visceral and parietal
pleura are separated by a potential
space, the pleural space
Fluid in this space is known as a Pleural
Effusion
Effusions may be large or small, but
settle to base of lung due to gravity
Completely obscures aerated lung and
heart/mediastinum/diaphragm borders
Pleural Effusion: Large
Pleural Effusion: Small
Pleural Effusion: Small (special case)
Pleural Effusion: Small (special case)
Pneumothorax
Introduction of air into the normal vacuum
of pleural space
Radiographic findings:
1. Hyperlucent versus aerated lung
2. Passive atelectasis of ipsilateral
lung
3. Depression of ipsilateral
hemidiaphragm
4. Mediastinal shift
Pneumothorax
Optimal Radiographic Images:
1. Expiration film
2. Lateral decubitus film
Pneumothorax
Subtle Pneumothorax
Pulmonary Embolism
Lung vessel embolus
Radiologic findings:
1. Diminished lung volume
Elevated ipsilateral
hemidiaphragm
Linear/patchy ipsilateral
atelectasis
2. Completely Normal ! (m/c)
CXR to rule out other etiologies
Pulmonary Embolism
Pulmonary Embolism
With Infarction:
1. Hampton’s Hump
Pulmonary Embolism
Further Diagnostics
Perfusion Test (Q)
Ventilation Test (V)
Technetium-99
Xenon gas
Perfusion/Ventilation mismatch, “V/Q Mismatch”
Pulmonary Embolism
V/Q Scan Interpretation
1. Normal Perfusion scan =Rules out PE
2. Negative/Low Probability scan (slight
perfusion abnormality or V/Q matching)=
Non-embolic pulmonary abnormalities
3. Positive/High Probability= V/Q mismatch
4. Intermediate/Indeterminate = Low & High
Pulmonary Angiogram indicated for 3, 4, or 2
with strong clinical evidence
Pulmonary Angiogram
Gold
Standard
Helical (Spiral) CT Scan
Indicated for suspected PE with
abnormal CXR
CT venogram: Adding IV contrast for
concurrent deep leg vein scan
References
http://www.vh.org/adult/provider/radiology/icmrad/chest/parts/Right
hilum.html
http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/meded/medicine/pulmonar/cxr/at
las/cxratlas_f.htm
http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/meded/medicine/pulmonar/cxr/at
las/hilar.htm
http://uwcme.org/site/courses/legacy/threehourtour/edema.php
http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/meded/medicine/pulmonar/cxr/at
las/apwindow1.htm
http://info.med.yale.edu/casebook/intmed/manditi/test_results.html
http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/meded/medicine/pulmonar/cxr/at
las/normallabeled.htm
http://www.premedonline.com/Personal_Page/rad.html
http://sfghed.ucsf.edu/ClinicImages/chest_and_pelvis_films.ht
m
http://www.virtual.epm.br/material/tis/currmed/med3/2003/ddi/matdid/cap2.htm
References
http://www.virtual.epm.br/material/tis/currmed/med3/2003/ddi/matdid/cap1.htm
http://www.fhsu.edu/nursing/cxr/CostoPhrAngCopy.htm
http://www.aic.cuhk.edu.hk/web8/0122_CONSOLIDATIO
N_LATERAL_SEGMENT_RML.jpg
http://www.med.wayne.edu/diagRadiology/TF/Chest/CH0
4.html
http://acbrown.com/lung/Lectures/RsVntl/RsVntlMsclDp
hr.htm
http://www.nyp.org/masc/images/nl3_ph11.jpg
http://www.lumen.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/medicine/pulmo
nar/images/effusion.jpg
http://brighamrad.harvard.edu/Cases/bwh/hcache/116/full
.html
http://www.radiology.co.uk/srs-x/cases/094/a.htm
References
http://brighamrad.harvard.edu/Cases/bwh/images/84/R54A2.GIF
http://uwcme.org/site/courses/legacy/threehourtour/images/PTXPA.jp
g
http://www.med.wayne.edu/diagRadiology/TF/Chest/CH08.html
http://www.nature.com/ncpcardio/journal/v2/n2/thumbs/ncpcardio01
18-F2.jpg
http://www.vh.org/adult/provider/radiology/icmrad/nuclear/parts/HiP
rob.html
http://www.rochestermedicalcenter.com/images/a015.jpg
http://www.engineering.uiowa.edu/~bme185/angiogram.gif
http://www.vh.org/adult/provider/radiology/ElectricPE/RadImages/03
.RT-Angio.gif
http://www.usask.ca/medicine/imaging/Clinical/GF.shtml
http://health.allrefer.com/pictures-images/pancreatic-cysticadenoma-ct-scan.html
http://www.mia.net.au/perrett/info_general/ct_angio/Image2.jpg
http://www.terarecon.com/gallery/images/us_7_gallstones.jpg