Transcript Slides - Agenda INFN

Alessandro Variola (LNF INFN)
[email protected]
Compton sources for g and x ray applications
Work supported by the EQUIPEX program, the Ile de
Alessandro Variola, LNF-INFN
Physics and Applications of High Brightness Beams ,
Havana, Cuba, March 28-April 1, 2016
1
Compton backscattering sources
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Compton Back Scattering (CBS)
Counter propagating electron and lasers beams.
Photon backscattering
•
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Why CBS sources ?
CBS is by far the most efficient photon energy amplifier : wdiff=4g2 wlaser, for example => g~100 =>
it is possible to have at one’s disposal hard X rays with a relatively low energy electron machine.
-
But for a light source: s ~ 6.6524 10-25 cm2 , it is low!!!!!
•
Need of a lot of photons and electrons, depending form the considered
configuration for instantaneous or average brillance.
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CBS attractiveness :
1) Directivity (relativistic boost) = > f= 1/g around the electron direction
2) Energy angle dependence => monochromatic by diaphragm
3) Polarized if needed
4) Backscattered spectrum cut off => Energy dependence on collision angle
Alessandro Variola, LNF-INFN
Physics and Applications of High Brightness Beams ,
Havana, Cuba, March 28-April 1, 2016
2
•1rst interest: the energy boost
•(no polar. are observed)
Energy distribution ~flat with
w2,max=4g2 wlaser
with g~100 (Eelectron=50MeV)
w2,max=45000eV if wlaser ~ 1eV
•Sprangle et al. JAP72(1992)5032
Compton scattering is the
most powerful mechanism
to boost photon energies
The cut off is dependent on the incidence angle !!
(factor two up to p/2)
Alessandro Variola, LNF-INFN
Physics and Applications of High Brightness Beams ,
Havana, Cuba, March 28-April 1, 2016
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•2nd interest: the angular energy correlation
• Compton scattering
•Photon_laser+e photon+e’
2 body process 
wf = f(q)
•Sprangle et al. JAP72(1992)5032
wf (keV)
•collimator
• ~monoenergétic beam
by selecting Backscattered
•E
=50MeV
photons at welectron
f,max
q (mrad)
Alessandro Variola, LNF-INFN
Physics and Applications of High Brightness Beams ,
Havana, Cuba, March 28-April 1, 2016
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RMS bandwidth, due to collection angle, laser phase space distribution and electron beam phase space
distribution
wg
wg
 g
 (g )  4
 g
4
•Diaphragm
   n   w   M L   a / 3 
 
     
  
  s x   w   2pw0   1  a / 2 
4
2
2
•electron beam
2
•laser
4
2
0p
2
0p
2
•L.Serafini
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Physics and Applications of High Brightness Beams ,
Havana, Cuba, March 28-April 1, 2016
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►So : What we can do with this?
Alessandro Variola, LNF-INFN
Physics and Applications of High Brightness Beams ,
Havana, Cuba, March 28-April 1, 2016
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g ~100 MeV
w
f,max
g ~ 1MeV
MeV
•Applications of Compton scattering:
quasi monochromatic X/g ray beam
•Compact sources for high energy gammas
•X ray ~10-100keV
• Elec.~20-100MeV
•Low energy applications
•Medical:
radiography
&radiotherapy
•Museology
•Material science
•crystallography
Alessandro Variola, LNF-INFN
•
Elec. 1GeV
•Elec.~100-750MeV
•Nuclear fluorescence
applications
•Nuclear survey
•Nuclear waste management
•Nuclear science
Physics and Applications of High Brightness Beams ,
Havana, Cuba, March 28-April 1, 2016
• High energy applications
• Compton polarimeter
LEP energy
measurement
• Laser wire
• gg collider
•Polarised positron
source
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► In many scientific domains
synchrotron sources are currently the only machines in term of brightness
to perform and carry out the most ambitious analyses and searches
requiring ~ 10-100 KeV X-rays.
► Synchrotron sources :
- very powerful, but,
- not very “pratical” for some applications,
- limited access time.
► With Compact sources :
Methods currently used at synchrotrons (diffraction, absorption,
diffusion, imaging, spectroscopy…) could be largely developed in
a laboratory size environment (hospitals, labs, museums).
‘compact’ source for nuclear physics photons (MeV range)
-Nuclear safety
-Nuclear waste management
-Radioisotopes detection
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Physics and Applications of High Brightness Beams ,
Havana, Cuba, March 28-April 1, 2016
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Compton and other sources, X rays
•► X-ray tubes
•
- The most efficient are rotating anodes
•
- Rigaku ~ 1010 ph/sec , polychromatic
•► Plasma sources
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Ultra-short pulses ~ fs ,
•
but very low fluxes.
•CCS
• These sources does not allow to carry out
•
many of the techniques used at synchrotrons
•► Compact Compton Sources (CCS)
•
•
•
•
•
Compactness ( surface ~ 100 m2 )
(Integration in hospitals, labs, museums)
Relative high intensity (1012 – 1014 ph/sec)
Tunable beam (Linac configuration)
High quality beam (brightness 1011 – 1015 ph/sec/ mm2 / 0.1% bw / mrad2)
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•10-100
KeV
•M.Jacquet
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For example: medical science and cultural heritage
•Painting analysis
•Physiopathology and Contrast agents,
•Dynamic Contrast Enhancement SRCT
•Convection Enhanced Delivery =>Stereotactic Synchrotron RT
•Paleontology
•Non-destructive analysis
•Imaging,
•Mammography
•Microtomography
•K-edge imaging (Pbwhite, Hg vermilion…) of a Van-Gogh’s
painting
•J. Dik et al., Analytical Chemistry, 2008, 80, 6436
•J Cereb Blood Flow and Metab,
2007. 27 (2):292-303.
•Biston et al, Cancer
Res 2004, 64, 2317-23
•Journal of Radiology 53, 226-237 (2005)
Acknowledgments to G.Le Duc, P.Walter
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•Potential of applications of X-ray CCS
•1
1
•1. Using the 2D divergent beam
• (biomedical and cultural heritage
• applications)
•- Conventional radiography
•- K-edge substraction imaging
•- Phase contrast imaging
•IMAGING
•- Magnification
•- Radiotherapy
• Measure large sample with
• no more need to move it
•
(patient, materiel …)
•Pink beam (3-30% bw)
•2. Using the central part of the beam
• (cultural heritage / material science applications)
•- Fluorescence Spectroscopy
•- XANES Spectroscopy
•- Diffraction
•
 Structural analyses
•
 Pump-probe experiments
Alessandro Variola, LNF-INFN
•Quasi-monochromatic beam (~ 0.1% - 0.01 % bw)
•IP
•Focus device
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• Toward sample
•+ Optics : mono, …
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•1. Using the 2D divergent beam
• (biomedical and cultural heritage applications)
•- Conventional radiography (30%)
•- Tunable energy
•- bw 2-3%
•- K-edge substraction imaging
•- Phase contrast imaging
•absorption
K Edge
•After threshold
•
«opaque»
•energy
•Before threshold « transparent »
•K-edge at ESRF (using a contrast agent)
•`
•- Magnification
•- Radiotherapy
•
Alessandro Variola, LNF-INFN
The difference of both increase the contrast
Physics and Applications of High Brightness Beams ,
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•Biomedical :Phase contrast
• imaging human breast tissue at synchrotron ESRF
•Mapping of a breast tissue sample
•a) Histological section
•
(used as a standard for interpretation)
b) Clinical planar screen-film
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mammogram taken at the hospital
•c) Clinical scanner
d) ID17 ESRF (Phase contrast imaging)
•
Same dose as c)
•Stronger contrast
•
• Improvement in the vizualisation of
•( Phys. Med. Biol. 52, 2007, 2197-2211 )
Alessandro Variola, LNF-INFN
•
•
the morphology and of the overall
architecture of the breast tissues
Physics and Applications of High Brightness Beams ,
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Potential of applications of X-ray CCS: Examples
•1
4
- Conventional radiography
- K-edge substraction imaging
- Phase contrast imaging
- Magnification
- Radiotherapy
[ Synch. Rad. 16, 2009, 43-47 ]
- bw 2-3%
- Small source size (to have transv. coherence)
CS Lyncean Tech.
13.5 KeV , 3% bw
109 ph/sec
σ = 165 μm
Proof of principle
standard absorption phase-contrast
Hospital sources
(large focal spot size, broad spectrum, low flux)
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Bio Medical imaging, phase contrats, tomography
K.Achterhold
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Physics and Applications of High Brightness Beams ,
Havana, Cuba, March 28-April 1, 2016
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•Potential of applications of X-ray CCS
•1
6
•1. Using the 2D divergent beam
• (biomedical and cultural heritage applications)
•- Conventional radiography
•- K-edge substraction imaging
•- Phase contrast imaging
•- Magnification
•- Radiotherapy
•- High energy (~ 80KeV)
•- bw ~ 10%
••
•• ESRF/ID17 ( ~ 6 mGy/sec)
•• Hospital sources
 broad spectrum,
•
and continuously operation not possible
•Ex. : Human head tumor
• (tumor deliver dose ~ 10-20 Gy)
•Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 68 (2007), no. 3, 943-951. Convection-enhanced delivery of an iodine tracer
into rat brain for synchrotron stereotactic radiotherapy.
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Havana, Cuba, March 28-April 1, 2016
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Cultural Heritage – X rays
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Physics and Applications of High Brightness Beams ,
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K Edge imaging, XRF
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R.Hajima
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Alessandro Variola, LNF-INFN
Physics and Applications of High Brightness Beams ,
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Production of radioisotopes for medical applications
•Optimization of the beam
and target parameters
for achieving high specific
activity after irradiation
•test case:
100Mo(γ,n)
Alessandro Variola, LNF-INFN
•Specific activities of 0.45 mCi/g can be obtained for
99mTc and 1.2 mCi/g for 187Re considering a beam of
5·1010 γ/s
Physics and Applications of High Brightness Beams ,
Havana, Cuba, March 28-April 1, 2016
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High energy physics
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Physics and Applications of High Brightness Beams ,
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Alessandro Variola, LNF-INFN
Physics and Applications of High Brightness Beams ,
Havana, Cuba, March 28-April 1, 2016
23
Gamma-gamma collider for the study of g-g events generation
Results of a Monte Carlo
dedicated code
Parameter of the Compton sources
Total energy of the g-g system: 2 MeV
Electron energy: 250 MeV
Electron emittance: 0.4 mm mrad
Electron energy spread: 0.7 10-4
Charge: 250 pC
Transverse electron width:1 mm
Laser wavelength: 1000 nm
Laser waist: 10 micron
Laser Energy: 1 J
Photon energy: 1 MeV
Transverse photon beam dimension: 1 mm
Transverse photon beam dimension at IP:
10 mm
Repetition rate f: 100 Hz
1 event/h
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Physics and Applications of High Brightness Beams ,
Havana, Cuba, March 28-April 1, 2016
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• SOURCES
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Cross section problem
Matching the accelerator with the optical systems
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High intensity, beams and laser pulses.
J classes lasers @ few Hz.
Optical recirculation to match multibunch patterns
Multipass regenerative cavities
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High repetition frequency
Storage rings – SC or ERLS (from few MhZ to 100 MHz)
Fabry Perot cavity (100 kW – to 1 MW – R&D Classes)
High rep rate, high average power fiber lasers (1 kW class)
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Physics and Applications of High Brightness Beams ,
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•CALA Munich
•ELI NP
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Compton facilities
Type
Photons keV
Rep
Rate
PLEIADES LLNL (USA)
TERAS AIST LCS (Japan)
TTX Tsingua University
(China)
LUCX KEK
(Japan)
LynceanTech
(USA)
Linac
Storage Ring
10-100
10-40
10.0
10.0
10.0
40.0
exp8
exp9
10%
10%
Storage Ring
24-48
20.0
25.0
exp8
10%
Linac
5-50
12.5
8.0
exp4
10%
Storage Ring
65 MHz
50.0
exp9
4%
Higs Duke University (USA)
Vanderbilt (USA)
Waseda University (Japan)
Storage Ring
Linac
Linac
7-35
100010000
15-50
0.25-0.5
1 Mhz
few Hz
5.0
700.0
30.0
exp10
exp8
exp4
10%
10%
10%
NERL Tokio
(Japan)
Linac
10-80
70.0
exp10
MIT (USA)
MXI System
(USA)
Plasmonix (Italy)
ThomX (France)
SC Linac
3-30
10.0
100
MHz
2.4
exp14
25%
Linac
Linac
Storage Ring
10.0
10.0
16 MHz
10.0
10.0
70.0
exp10
exp9
exp13
10%
10%
25%
Eli NP (Romania)
Kharkov
(Ukraina)
Linac
8-100
20-380
50-90
20020000
100.0
20.0
exp11
1%
Storage Ring
10-500
25 MHz
35.0
exp13
10%
Alessandro Variola, LNF-INFN
Physics and Applications of High Brightness Beams ,
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Max size m
Flux
few%
28
First Compton X Ray light source : LynceanTech
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Physics and Applications of High Brightness Beams ,
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Can be integrated …..
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Physics and Applications of High Brightness Beams ,
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Nuclear physics . HIGS
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SRF Compact Light Sources @ 4K, MIT CUBIX
•Superconducting
RF photoinjector
operating at 300
MHz and 4K
•1 MeV
•RF amplifiers
•RF amp
•RF amp
•Inverse Compton
scattering
•RF amp
•30 kW
beam dump
•Bunch compression
chicane
•Electron beam of ~1 mA
average current at 10-30 MeV
•30 MeV
•8 m
•Coherent enhancement
cavity with Q=1000
giving 5 MW cavity
power
•X-ray
beamline
•5 kW cryocooled Yb:YAG
drive laser
SRF Linac Parameters
Energy gain [MeV]
25
RF frequency [MHz]
352
Average current [mA]
1
Operating temperature [K]
4.2
RF power [kW]
30
•W.S.Graves
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ThomX
•Cycle Frep = 20 msec
•RF pulse length 3 ms
•Energy 50 - 70 MeV
•Laser
and FP cavity
•2 Ips
•Easy integration
•Frees the straight sections
•CSR line
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Physics and Applications of High Brightness Beams ,
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•UH-FLUX –
conceptual layout
•Brightest
Compton
•X-ray Source
•A.Seryi
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ELI NP GBS
Energy [MeV]
2.00
3.45
9.87
19.5
# photons/pulse within FWHM bdw.
< 1.2∙105
< 1.1∙105
< 2.6∙105
< 2.5∙105
# photons/s within FWHM bdw.
< 4.0∙108
< 3.7∙108
< 8.3∙108
< 8.1∙108
12
11
11
10
Source rms divergence [mrad]
≤ 140
≤ 100
≤ 50
≤ 40
Radiation pulse length rms [ps]
0.92
0.91
0.95
0.90
Source rms size [mm]
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Physics and Applications of High Brightness Beams ,
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35
Optical system: laser beam circulator (LBC)
for J-class psec laser pulses focused down to mm spot sizes
PARAMETERS = OPTIMIZED
ON THE GAMMA-RAY FLUX
Circulator principle
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2 high-grade quality parabolic mirrors
– Aberration free
Mirror-pair system (MPS) per pass
– Synchronization
– Optical plan switching
 Constant incident angle = small
bandwidth
•
•
•
•
Laser power = state of the art
Angle of incidence (φ = 7.54°)
Waist size (ω0 = 28.3μm)
Number of passes = 32 passes
•30 cm
Alessandro Variola, LNF-INFN
Physics and Applications of High Brightness Beams ,
Cassou,
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28-April
1, 2016 F.Zomer
36
UCLA - Radia Beam
•Alex Murokh
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Physics and Applications of High Brightness Beams ,
Havana, Cuba, March 28-April 1, 2016
37
Conclusions and outlook
•
•
•
•
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Compton sources are in rapid development
Energy boost -> low dimensions and costs, directivity, polarization,
tunability (gamma, angle, laser frequency…..)
Playing with parameters, tunability, spectrum, bandwidth, schemes,
technology, subpicosecond…it’s an open field
Large cone is not always a problem, can be an advantage
Sub ps regime si possible in pi/2 configuration
Many different new ideas can be applied....
At present 109-1011 , near future 1012-1013...but 1015 are not so far...
Alessandro Variola, LNF-INFN
Physics and Applications of High Brightness Beams ,
Havana, Cuba, March 28-April 1, 2016
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Alessandro Variola, LNF-INFN
Physics and Applications of High Brightness Beams ,
Havana, Cuba, March 28-April 1, 2016
39