Acute Decompensated Heart Failure
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Transcript Acute Decompensated Heart Failure
Acute Decompensated Heart Failure
(ADHF)- Inpatient Management
Jennifer Kumar
February 2014
Objectives
Learn to identify the signs and symptoms
of ADHF
Learn to interpret pertinent laboratory
data and imaging
Learn the inpatient management of ADHF
Clinical Vignette
Clinical Vignette
62 year old Caucasian male with PMH of ischemic
cardiomyopathy (EF 25%), CAD, HTN presents with two
week history of dyspnea
Previously able to walk 2 miles, currently cannot walk more
than 10 feet before developing DOE
PND 3 times per night
4 pillow orthopnea
Increasing lower extremity edema
ROS: loss of energy, loss of appetite, 10# weight gain
Clinical Vignette
PMH: ischemic cardiomyopathy (EF 25%,
based on echocardiogram 6 months prior),
CAD (s/p MI with PCI in 2002), HTN
Home medications: ASA 81mg daily,
Lisinopril 5mg daily, Lasix 40mg daily
Allergies: NKDA
ROS: denies CP, denies dizziness, denies
palpitations
Clinical Vignette
VS: Temp 36.5, HR 90, BP 108/72, RR 20, SpaO2 91%
on RA
Pertinent physical exam:
◦ General: appears uncomfortable, able to speak short
sentences
◦ HEENT: Jugular venous distension at 10cm
◦ CVS: PMI displaced laterally to mid-axillary line in the 6th
ICS, (-) heaves, thrills, RRR, (+) S3, (-)S4, (-) murmurs or
rubs
◦ Chest: loss of tactile fremitus at the base with dullness to
percussion, (+) rales throughout bottom half of lung fields
bilaterally
◦ Abdomen: distended, (+) mild fluid wave, (+)
hepatojugular reflux,
◦ Extremities: 2+ pitting edema up to knees bilaterally, cool
to touch, 2+ DP and PT pulses
Clinical Vignette
Current presentation consistent with
acute decompensated heart failure
(ADHF)
What labs should we order to help
evaluate further?
Laboratory Data
CBC
◦ Anemia, infection can precipitate ADHF
BMP
◦ Hyponatremia- poor prognostic sign
◦ Elevated creatinine- impaired renal perfusion
LFT
◦ May be elevated due to congestive hepatopathy
Troponin
◦ Ischemia can precipitate HF
◦ Troponin may be mildly elevated in HF as well from
demand ischemia
Laboratory Data
BNP
◦ < 100 strongly suggestive against HF
◦ >400 suggestive of HF exacerbation
However may be falsely elevated in:
Renal disease, atrial fibrillation, pulmonary HTN
May be falsely low in:
Obese patients, HFPEF
Toxicology screen
◦ In select patients, as drug abuse can trigger
exacerbation
TSH
◦ Untreated thyroid disease can precipitate exacerbation
Clinical Vignette
At this point, what imaging should be
obtained to further assist with
management?
Imaging: EKG
Important to look for underlying
◦ Ischemia
◦ Arrhythmias
Imaging: Chest x-ray
Enlarged cardiac silhouette
Pulmonary edema
Pulmonary congestion
◦ Cephalization
◦ Kerley B lines
◦ Peri-bronchial cuffing
Pleural effusions, typically bilateral
Clinical Vignette
Should an echocardiogram be repeated?
Imaging: Echo
Typically repeated no sooner than annually
Provides information regarding;
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Ejection fraction
Diastolic dysfunction
Wall motion abnormalities
Chamber sizes
Pulmonary HTN
Ventricular dysynchrony
Clinical Vignette
How should we begin our inpatient
management?
Non-pharmacologic Management
Daily weight
Strict I’s and O’s
Low sodium diet (<2g daily)
Fluid restriction
◦ Typically only for patients with hyponatremia
Clinical Vignette
What should we use to improve our
patient’s volume status?
Treatment: Diuretics
Recommend to give intravenously initially
Typically at least twice a day
Agents
◦ Furosemide
Can give home dose as IV (2:1 po to IV ratio)
Titrate up based on response (goal net negative 1.52L daily on average)
◦ Bumetanide
Alternative to Furosemide in tolerant patients
40 mg IV Lasix = 1 mg IV Bumetanide = 1mg po
Bumetanide
Clinical Vignette
The patient is now receiving 40mg
Furosemide IV twice a day
What could be done next if the patient
did not respond to Furosemide?
How often should his electrolytes be
monitored?
Treatment: Diuretics
If not responding to initial diuretic dose:
◦ Can titrate dose up further
◦ Older patients, underlying renal dysfunction may
require higher doses
Can consider adding Metolazone for additional
effect
◦ Thiazide diuretic
Monitoring of electrolytes closely
◦ Check potassium and magnesium at least daily
◦ If aggressive diuresis, check at least twice daily
Clinical Vignette
The patient did not come in on a beta
blocker, but this has been shown to
improve long-term mortality in heart
failure
Should we begin a beta blocker at this
time?
Which beta blocker (if any) should we
choose?
Treatment: Beta blockers
Typically not initiated during acute exacerbation
Continue if already on
◦ Stopping can worsen RAAS activation
◦ If SYMPTOMATIC hypotension, can decrease the
dose
Options
◦ Carvedilol: lowest dose 3.125mg BID
◦ Metoprolol XL: lowest dose 25mg daily
◦ Titrate to goal HR of 60 bpm
Or as much as BP can tolerate
Caveat: Blood pressure
Patients with heart failure frequently have a
lower BP than the general population
◦ Due to reduced cardiac output
Not unusual to see patient’s with reduced EF
to have a SBP in the 80s-100s
Use of medications which can lower BP is
not contraindicated in these populations
◦ However, need to ensure patient does not have
lightheadedness, orthostatic hypotension
Clinical Vignette
The patient has been having an appropriate
diuresis
Clinically, patient reports improvement in
shortness of breath and now able to walk without
DOE
PE: resolution of rales, peripheral edema
How should the diuretic dose be adjusted?
What medications should be added to his
regimen prior to discharge?
Medication Adjustment
Diuretic
◦ Patient should be transitioned to po regimen
◦ Can base the po on the dose of the IV dose
E.g. Furosemide 40mg IV BID 40mg po BID
◦ Should monitor for at least 24 hours on po to
ensure proper response
Chronic medical management
ACEI/ARB
◦ Shown to improve mortality
◦ Already on Lisinopril, can titrate up further as tolerated
◦ Consider decreasing dose or discontinuing if: SYMPTOMATIC
hypotension, AKI, hyperkalemia
Spironolactone
◦ Shown to improve mortality (RALES trial)
◦ Indications: EF <30% and NYHA Class II OR EF <35% and NYHA Class
III/IV
◦ Benefits: enhances diuresis, minimizes K wasting
◦ Dosing: lowest: 12.5mg, titrate up as tolerated
Digoxin
◦ Reduces rate of hospital admissions
◦ No significant effect on mortality no longer used as frequently now
Clinical Vignette
Which patients benefit from combination
therapy with Isosorbide
dinitrate/Hydralazine?
Treatment:
Isosorbide dinitrate/Hydralazine
◦ Added to standard therapy for heart failure
◦ Efficacious and increases survival among black
patients with heart failure
◦ Dosing:
Isosorbide dinitrate/Hydralazine
20mg/37.5mg TID
Transition to Outpatient
Our patient’s discharge meds
Furosemide 40mg BID
Lisinopril 5mg daily
Carvedilol 3.125mg BID
Spironolactone 12.5mg daily
ASA 81mg daily
Summary
Identify clinical signs and symptoms of ADHF
Pertinent labs
◦ Sodium, creatinine, troponin, BNP
Relevant imaging
◦ EKG, CXR, echocardiography
Treatment
◦ Diuresis, BB, ACEI/ARB, Spironolactone, Digoxin,
Isosorbide dinitrate/Hydralazine
Transition to outpatient
◦ Strict instructions, close-follow-up