Transcript AFE_203_eightnew

Human Heart
AFE 203
LECTURE EIGHT
The Human Heart
The body requires oxygen to carry on the process of
life. A network of arteries and veins transport
oxygen-rich blood to the body and return oxygenpoor blood to the lungs. At the center of this
continuous process is the heart, a beating muscle
about
the
size
of
your
fist.
The function of the heart is to circulate blood
throughout the body by:
•Pumping blood through the lungs removes
carbon dioxide and refreshes the blood with
oxygen
•The oxygenated blood is pumped to the body
to provide oxygen and nutrients and to remove
waste products.
•The coronary arteries are the blood vessels
that supply blood and oxygen to the heart
muscle.
What Is Circulation?
The heart pumps approximately 5 liters of blood
every minute, and each heartbeat circulates blood
to both the lungs and the body. This is possible
because of the heart's complex internal structure.
The Right and Left Sides of the Heart
The heart is divided into the right side and the left
side. The right side comprises the right atrium and
right ventricle; these chambers collect oxygen-poor
blood and pump it to the lungs, where oxygen is
replenished. The left side of the heart comprises the
left atrium and left ventricle; these chambers collect
and pump the oxygen-rich blood to the body.
What is Blood Pressure Pressure?:
Blood pressure measurements include both a
systolic (contraction phase) and a diastolic
(relaxation phase) reading.
These two readings are taken at opposite
ends of the cardiac cycle and are a person's
highest and lowest blood pressure levels.
The difference between these two extremes
is called the pulse pressure, and represents
the force that your heart generates each time
it contracts.
In a person with a systolic blood pressure of
120 mmHg and a diastolic pressure of 80
mmHg, the pulse pressure would be 40
mmHg.
CARDIO RATE AND RECOMMENDED
EXERCISES
Cardio is short for cardiovascular, which refers to the
heart and its vessels. Cardiovascular exercise is
exercise that raises your heart rate and keeps it
elevated for a period of time. Another name for it is
aerobic exercise. The kinds of exercise that are
associated with cardiovascular workouts are things
like jogging, fast walking, and swimming where
there is no break in the routine.
The benefits of cardio workouts
There is a list of some health benefits associated with
doing cardio exercise. Here are some top reasons to
include cardio in your workout routine:
•It strengthens the heart
•It strengthens the lungs and increases lung
capacity
•It boosts the metabolism, burns calories, and
helps you lose weight
•It helps reduce stress
•It increases energy
Now that you are convinced of the benefits of
cardio exercise, you might be wondering:
“How high does my heart rate have to be and
how long do I keep it there?” We will take a
look at those questions and find out how to
establish a target heart rate on the next
page.
There is a good rule of thumb to know about
when you are doing cardio types of exercise:
You should be able to talk. If you are too
winded to speak comfortably, your heart rate
is probably too high and you need to slow
down.
How High Should My Heart Rate Be?
To get the most out of a cardio workout, you
will first want to figure out what your
maximum heart rate (beats per minute) is. To
do that, subtract your age from 220. Now, you
don’t want to workout at your maximum heart
rate.
You want to workout in your target heart rate
zone, which the American Heart Association
suggests is 50% to 75% of the maximum
heart rate for healthy people. You would
calculate more toward 50% if you are just
getting in shape and more toward 75% if you
are in great shape.
Here is a sample calculation for a 40-year-old woman just
getting
started
in
cardio
workouts.
220 - 40 (her age) = 180 maximum heart rate (beats per
minute)
180 x .50 = 90 heart beats per minute as her target heart
rate
Make it easy on yourself when you are working out, by
figuring that the number of beats you need in just 10
seconds will be your target heart rate divided by 6. In our
sample case, 90 divided by 6 is 15. She will want to count
15 beats in 10 seconds to be at her target heart rate.
Count
Your
Heart
Beats
Per
Minute:
To figure out how many times your heart is beating in a
minute, place two fingers at the back corner of your
lower jaw and then slide down an inch or so until you
feel your pulse through the carotid artery in your neck.
Count the number of beats in 10 seconds and then
multiply by 6 to get your beats per minute.
Count Your Heart Beats Per Minute:
To figure out how many times your heart is beating in a minute,
place two fingers at the back corner of your lower jaw and then
slide down an inch or so until you feel your pulse through the
carotid artery in your neck. Count the number of beats in 10
seconds and then multiply by 6 to get your beats per minute.
How to Check Your Heart Rate
Right after you stop exercising, take your pulse: Place the tips of
your first two fingers lightly over one of the blood vessels on your
neck, just to the left or right of your Adam's apple. Or try the
pulse spot inside your wrist just below the base of your thumb.
Count your pulse for 10 seconds and multiply the number by 6.
Check your pulse periodically to see if you are
exercising within your target zone. As you get in
better shape, try exercising within the upper range of
your target zone. (If just beginning an exercise
program, consult your doctor first.)
A heart rate monitor can be a very useful tool as you
develop your cardio workouts. They save a lot of
pulse counting and calculation time.
How Long Should I Keep My Heart Rate Up?
How long your cardio sessions should be depends on
your level of fitness and your goals. The American Heart
Association, in conjunction with the American College of
Sports Medicine, recommends a minimum of 30 minutes
of moderate aerobic activity five days per week, or at
least 20 minutes of vigorous activity 3 days per week.
These are minimums, but you may still need to
work up to these levels as you increase your
aerobic fitness. The important thing is to begin a
program.
Coronary Arteries

The left and right coronary arteries and their branches
supply arterial blood to the heart. These arteries
originate from the aorta just above the aortic valve
leaflets.

The heart has large metabolic requirements, extracting
approximately 70% to 80% of the oxygen delivered
(other organs consume, on average, 25%).

Heart disease most often occurs
when cholesterol accumulates
and
forms
coronary
flow
"plaque"
artery.
in
a
With
blood
the
heart
impeded,
becomes starved for oxygen,
causing chest pain (angina).

If a blood clot forms and
completely obstructs the artery,
a
heart
infarction)
attack
can
(myocardial
occur.
Furred up arteries!

Coronary heart disease can become more serious if a
narrowed coronary artery becomes blocked by a blood
clot. This causes a heart attack. High blood pressure puts
an added strain on the heart and can make coronary
heart disease worse.

Cholesterol is a
found in all parts
sources: our liver
in meat and dairy
waxy, fat-like material that is
of the body. It comes from two
produces it, and we consume it
products.



A heart attack occurs
when one of the
arteries that supplies
the heart muscle
becomes blocked.
Blockage may be
caused by spasm of
the artery or by
ateriosclerosis with
clot formation.
The blockage results
in damaged tissue and
a permanent loss of
contraction of this
portion of the heart
muscle.
It is important to eat less Fats and
Cholesterol




Cholesterol
is
a
fatty
substance which is mainly
made in the body. The liver
makes it from the saturated
fats in food.
The cholesterol enters the
blood and is carried around by
proteins. These combinations
of cholesterol and proteins are
called 'lipoproteins'.
There are two main types of
lipoproteins - low density
lipoprotein (LDL) which are
bad!
and high density lipoprotein
(HDL) – not bad!
How to reduce cholesterol
intake
You need to:


Reduce the total amount of fat you eat and
eat starchy foods instead (bread, pasta,
rice, cereals and potatoes).
Cut right down on saturated fats and
substitute them with small amounts of
polyunsaturated fats and monounsaturated
fats.
How to help prevent heart disease






The major risk factors for coronary heart
disease that you can do something about
are:
smoking
high blood pressure
high blood cholesterol, and
physical inactivity.
Obesity (being very overweight), drinking
too much alcohol, and having too much salt
can also increase the risk of coronary heart
disease.
References
Library (2011). First Aid. Retrieved on 17th January, 2011,
from
http://library.thinkquest.org/10624/1staid.html
Nwankwo, E.I. 1991. First Aid and Sport Injuries: Published
by the
Department of Adult Education, University of Ibadan,
Ibadan.
Wikipedia (2011). First Aid. Retrieved on 17th January,
2011, from
http://www.wikipedia.com/firstaid.
PRACTICAL ASSESSMENT
FEMALE and MALE
1. Skinfold site
2. Abdomen
3. Thigh
4. Triceps
5. Suprailiac
6. Sit up in one minute
7. 1.5mile (2.4 kilometers) = 6 laps
s/n
Matri
c no
trice
ps
sup
abd
thigh
1.5mi Sit
le
up
time
MATERIALS NEEDED
1. SPORTS WEARS
2. STOP WATCH
3. SKINFOLD CALIPER
4. ATTENDANCE SHEET
bp
Pulse
ABDOMEN
TRICEPS
SUPRAILIAC
THIGH
Engineering
MHS
Mech
Medicine
Petroleum
Nursing
Mechat
Med lab
Comput
Anatomy
Chem
Physio
Civil
Hum nutri
elect