Transcript electr/o means electric cardi/o means heart

Cardiac Assessment
Involves:
1) Inspection of patient’s skin color
2) Evaluate temperature of extremities
3) Listen to the heart
Skin Assessment
Cyanosis (blue skin color)
 Skin, mucous membranes, or
nailbeds
 Insufficient oxygen through the
body
Paleness of the skin
 Decreased blood flow
Other Skin Assessments

Red face
high blood pressure

Cool, cold skin of extremities
decreased blood flow
Pulse and Heart Rate
Assessments
 Weak
Pulse
decreased circulation
 Abnormal
Heart Sounds
murmur or heart condition
Listening to the Heart

The stethoscope is an instrument used
to auscultate or listen to the heart. The
normal beat is “lub-dub.”
Pulse Oximeter

An external monitor that is placed on the
patient’s finger to measure the amount of
oxygenated blood in the circulatory system.

A normal reading is between 96 to 100
percent oxygen saturation (poor oxygenation
90 or below) .
Fetal and Newborn Circulation

The fetal heart beat begins at 3 weeks
gestation. Fetal circulation compensates
for the nonfunctional lungs by providing
oxygen from the placenta.
Fetal Circulation Through the Heart
1)
Arterial blood is returned to
right side of the heart.
the
2)
Oxygenated blood goes through
an opening in the atrial septum called the
foramen ovale.
3) Blood flows into the left side of the heart.
Fetal Circulation (cont.)
4) Blood is pumped out through the aorta.
5) Remaining blood is pumped by the right
side of the heart through the pulmonary
artery to another opening called the
ductus arteriosus.
6) These openings are called fetal shunts.
Fetal Circulation
http://www.wellesley.edu/Biology/Courses/111/mammalian.html
Newborn Circulation

After birth, the baby’s lungs inflate and oxygenation
begins.

Circulatory changes occur immediately.

The foramen ovale closes within 1 hour
after birth.

The ductus arteriosus closes within 10 to 15 hours
after birth.

Normal blood flow through the heart to the lungs
and back to the heart begins.
Newborn Heart Rate
Range between 100-160 beats per minute.
Ventricular
Septal Defect
and
Atrial Septal Defect:
 Both defects mix
blood from right
and left side of the
heart
 Both defects needs
surgery to repair
Newborn Murmur
Type of irregular heart sound
Referred to as a innocent murmur; Heard
several days until the fetal shunts are
closed.
 A persistent murmur may indicate the
incomplete closure of a fetal shunt and
could lead to more serious problems.


Common Congenital Heart Defect
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) – persistent
opening of the ductus arteriosus
Common Congenital Heart Defect

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA):
persistent opening of the ductus
arteriosus
Procedures and Surgeries
Angiography

A radiographic (x-ray) study of the blood vessels
after the injection of a contrast medium (dye).
angio means blood vessel
-graphy means recording
Angiocardiography

Uses a contrast medium and chest
x-rays to visualize the dimensions of the
heart and large blood vessels.
angi/o means blood vessel
cardi/o means heart
-graphy means recording
Cardiac Catherization

A procedure in which a
catheter is passed into a
vein or artery and is guided
into the heart. When the
catheter is in place, a
contrast medium is
introduced to produce
an angiogram (picture of
blood flow and/or
blockages)

Also called Angiogram.
Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

A record of the electrical activity of the
myocardium.

Stress tests are ECGs used to assess
cardiovascular health and function
during stress such as exercise on a
treadmill.
Electrocardiography

The process of recording the activity of the heart.
electr/o means electric
cardi/o means heart
-graphy means recording
The machine that is used to record the heart
activity is called an Electrocardiograph.
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft

Also, referred to as CABG

This is open heart surgery
which involves implanting
leg vein as a bypass
around blockages in the
coronary arteries.
a
Valvoplasty

The surgical repair of a heart valve.
valv/o means valve
-plasty means surgical repair
http://www.heart-valvesurgery.com/heart-surgeryblog/2008/03/21/what-donormal-heart-valves-look-like/
Aneurysmectomy

The surgical removal of an aneurysm.
-ectomy means surgical removal
Aneurysmorrhaphy

To suture an aneurysm.
-rrhaphy means to suture
Arteriectomy

The surgical removal of part of an artery.
arteri means artery
-ectomy means surgical
removal
Types of Hypertension

Essential Hypertension (primary hypertension)
Elevated BP of unknown cause

Secondary Hypertension
Elevated BP caused by another medical problem

Malignant Hypertension
A sudden onset of severely elevated BP. It can be
life-threatening
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

An emergency procedure for life support
consisting of artificial respirations and
manual external cardiac compressions.
Echocardiography

An ultrasonic diagnostic procedure used to
evaluate the structure and function of the
heart.
The “echo”
image will
show if the
structures
inside the
heart such
as the valves,
are working
normally.
Transesophageal Echocardiography

An ultrasonic procedure that view the
heart from the inside of the esophagus.
Percutaneous Transluminal
Coronary Angioplasty
Also known as Balloon Angioplasty
 A procedure done with a cardiac catherization
which uses a small balloon on the end of a
catheter. This balloon flattens the plaque and
opens up the coronary vessel.

angi/o means blood vessel
-plasty means surgical
repair/reconstruction
Restenosis

Describes the condition when an artery
becomes blocked again after an
angioplasty.
re- means again
-stenosis means narrowing
Atherectomy

The surgical removal of
plaque from the interior
lining of an artery.
ather- means plaque
-ectomy means surgical
removal
Endarterectomy

The surgical removal of the lining of an
artery that is clogged with plaque.
end- means within
arter means artery
-ectomy means surgical removal
Abnormal Heart Rhythms

Fibrillation – Rapid, random, and
ineffective contractions of the heart.

Defibrillation
(Cardioversion) – The
use of electrical shock
to restore the heart’s
normal rhythm if it stops
or if fibrillation occurs
Pacemaker

An electronic device that is implanted
under the skin and helps to regulate the
heartbeat.
Cardiac Arrhythmia
Also called Dysrhythmia.
 An irregularity or the loss of the normal
rhythm of the heartbeat.

Flutter

A cardiac arrhythmia in which the atrial
contractions are rapid but regular.
Bradycardia

An abnormally slow heartbeat < 60
beats/minute.
brady- means slow
card means heart
-ia means abnormal condition
Palpitation

A racing of the heart associated with
certain heart disorders.

Also, it may be present as a response to
a panic attack.
Tachycardia

An abnormally fast heartbeat > 100 beats/minute.
tachy- means fast
card means heart
-ia means abnormal condition
Heart Disease Facts
Heart disease is the leading cause of death for women &
men in US.
Heart disease death rates per 100,000 population for the five
largest U.S. racial/ethnic groups are as follows:
 Blacks: 300
 Whites: 228
 Hispanics: 173
 American Indian/Alaskan Natives: 160
 Asian and Pacific Islanders: 128
Works Cited:
http://www.wellesley.edu/Biology/Courses/111/mammalian.html
http://www.heart-valve-surgery.com/heart-surgery-blog/2008/03/21/what-donormal-heart-valves-look-like/
Diversified Health Occupations, 7th Edition
by Louise Simmers
 Introduction to Medical Terminology
by Ann Ehrlich and Carol L. Schroeder

Created by: Kathy Vidal
Health Science Technology teacher