Transcript Heart

11
The Cardiovascular
System
Heart Anatomy and the Function of the
Cardiovascular System
Blood Vessels and Circulation
Regulation of the Heart
Heart Diseases & Disorders
Chapter 11: The Cardiovascular System
Lesson 11.1
Heart Anatomy and the
Function of the
Cardiovascular System
The Heart: Location and Size
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thoracic cavity
above diaphragm; between lungs
size of a clenched fist
weighs 8–12 ounces
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The Heart: Location and Size
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The Four Chambers of the Heart
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right atrium
right ventricle
left atrium
left ventricle
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The Heart Valves
• atrioventricular (AV) valves
– tricuspid
– bicuspid (mitral)
• semilunar valves
– pulmonary
– aortic
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Blood Flow through the Heart
• (1) deoxygenated blood flows from the body to the
inferior and superior vena cavae to right atrium
• (2) right atrium contracts, forcing blood through the
tricuspid valve to right ventricle
• (3) right ventricle contracts, forcing blood through
the pulmonary valve, to the pulmonary artery
• (4) blood exits to the lungs
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Blood Flow through the Heart (continued)
• (5) oxygenated blood from lungs travels through
the pulmonary veins to the left atrium
• (6) left atrium contracts, forcing blood through the
mitral valve to the left ventricle
• (7) left ventricle contracts, forcing blood through
the aortic valve
• (8) blood passes to the aorta
• (9) blood travels out to parts of the body
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Blood Flow through the Heart
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Walls of the Heart
• epicardium
– outermost layer
• myocardium
– middle layer
• endocardium
– inner layer
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Cardiac Cycle
• diastole
– ventricle relax, atria contract
• systole
– ventricles contract, atria relax
• mean arterial pressure
– overall pressure within cardiovascular system
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Cardiac Output
• amount of blood pumped by heart in 1 minute
measured in liters/minute
• stroke volume
– amount of blood pumped in 1 beat
• heart rate
– number of beats per minute
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Chapter 11: The Cardiovascular System
Lesson 11.2
Regulation of the Heart
Internal Control of the Heart
• Sinoatrial (SA) node
– Pacemaker; sends electrical impulse
– tells heart to beat 60–100 bpm
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External Control of the Heart
• cardiac center
– sympathetic nerve system speeds up
– parasympathetic nerve system slows down
• endocrine system
– some hormones speed up
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The Conduction System
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SA node
AV node
bundle of His
bundle branches–
right and left
• Purkinje fibers
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Electrocardiogram
• ECG or EKG
– electrical activity of the heart
– depolarize–contract
– repolarize–relax
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Cardiac Arrhythmias
• normal contractility condition
– sinus rhythm
– arrhythmia
• ventricle or atria contraction is
abnormal
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Cardiac Arrhythmias
• bradycardia
– slow heart beat
• tachycardia
– fast heart beat
• premature atrial
contraction (PACs)
– atria contracts before
SA node
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Defibrillators and Life-Threatening
Arrhythmias
• automatic external defibrillator (AED)
– electric shock, stops heart
– allows heart to start normal rhythm
– anyone can use one
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Review and Assessment
Fill in the blanks with: Tachycardia, Atrial fibrillation,
Bradycardia, or Defibrillator.
1. _______________ is fast heart beat.
2. _______________ is slow heart beat.
3. _______________ is atria beating more than 350
bpm.
4. A(n) _______________ stops the heart so it can
reset.
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Chapter 11: The Cardiovascular System
Lesson 11.3
Blood Vessels and
Circulation
Blood Vessels: The Transport Network
• Vasoconstriction vs. vasodilation
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Differences between Arteries and Veins
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Capillaries
• exchange vessels
– gas moves between tissue and blood
• capillary bed
– network of exchange vessels
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Circulation: Moving Blood around the
Body
• cardiopulmonary circulation
– between heart and lungs
• systemic circulation
– between heart and body
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Circulation: Moving Blood around Body
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Cardiac Circulation
• coronary arteries
– left
– right
• coronary sinus
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Arteries
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Veins
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Taking Vital Signs
• taking your pulse
– find radial, carotid or brachial artery
– count beats for 15 seconds, multiply by 4
• measuring blood pressure
– stethoscope, sphygmomanometer
– systolic/diastolic pressure
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Know Your Numbers
• weight
– body mass index–weight to height
• blood pressure
– systolic/diastolic–110/70 mmHg
• cholesterol
– LDLs and HDLs
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Chapter 11: The Cardiovascular System
Lesson 11.4
Heart Disease &
Disorders
Valve Abnormalities
• heart murmurs
– valves do not close properly
• valvular stenosis
– narrowed, stiff heart valve
• mitral valve prolapse
– mitral valve does not fully close
• palpitations
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Diseases Ending in -itis
• pericarditis
– inflammation of heart sac
• myocarditis
–“
“ heart muscle
• endocarditis
–“
“ heart lining and valves
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Heart Failure
• heart cannot pump blood
• fluid backs up in
– Lungs, liver, limbs, GI tract
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Diseases of the Arteries
• aneurysms
– weakened artery bulges,
may break
• coronary artery disease
– atherosclerosis
– angina pectoris
– ischemia
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Heart Attack
• myocardial infarction
– plaque blocks a cardiac artery
• treatment
– aspirin as soon as symptoms appear
– 20–60 minute window for treatment
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Heart Attack
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Heart Disease
• hypertension
– blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg
• peripheral vascular disease
– lack of circulation in legs
• stroke
– blockage of brain blood flow
• ischemic stroke
• hemorrhagic stroke
• transient ischemic attack (TIA)
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Review and Assessment
True or False?
1. Hypertension is 120/80 mmHg.
2. Aspirin helps in a heart attack.
3. An aneurysm is a weakened artery.
4. Myocarditis affects the heart wall.
5. In a heart murmur the valves do not close
properly.
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