Transcript Darman-Parastari- ECG

‫سرفصل هاي آموزش ي‬
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‫مفهوم الكتروكارديوگرافي‬
‫انواع ليدها درثبت الكتروكارديوگرام و محل قرارگيري آنها‬
‫اختالف پتانسيل بين اندامها درليدهاي يك قطبي و دوقطبي و پره كورديال و‬
‫محل قرارگيري آنها‬
‫مشخصات مربوط به امواج الكتروكارديوگرام‬
‫محاسبه تعداد ضربان قلب ‪ ,‬تعیين ريتم قلبي‪ ،‬تعيين محور قلب‪ ،‬اندازه‬
‫موجها و طبيعي بودن يا نبودن آنها ‪ ,‬تعیين هیپرتروفی دهليزها و بطن ها ازروی‬
‫نوار‪ECG‬‬
‫• تعریف الکتروکاردیوگرافی ( نوار قلب )‬
‫•کاربرد نوار قلب و نقش آن در تشخیص بیماریهای قلبی‬
‫•تشخیص بیماریهای عروق کرونر‬
‫• آریتمی ها‬
‫•بلوک های قلبی‬
‫• پریکاردیت‬
‫• هیپرتروفی حفرات قلب‬
‫•اختالالت الکترولیتی‬
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‫الکتروکارديوگراف ( ‪) ECG‬‬
‫تعريف ‪:‬‬
‫دستگاهي است که بوسيله آن سيگنالهاي حاصل از فعاليت‬
‫الکتريکي قلب را ثبت مي کنند ‪.‬‬
‫یک ‪ ECG‬استاندارد از ‪ 12‬لید تشکیل شده است ‪:‬‬
‫– ‪ 6‬لید اندامی‬
‫• سه لید یک قطبی ( ‪)D1-D2-D3‬‬
‫• سه لید دوقطبی تقویت شده (‪)avl, avf, avr‬‬
‫( ‪)augmented voltage left – foot – right‬‬
‫– ‪ 6‬لید پره کوردیال ( ‪ V1‬تا ‪)V6‬‬
‫استانداردهای نوار ‪ECG‬‬
‫• سرعت استاندارد‬
‫• ولتاژ استاندارد‬
‫ليدهای غير استاندارد‬
V9 ‫ تا‬V7 ‫) ليد های‬1 •
• Use a 15-lead ECG when the 12-lead is
normal but the history is still suggestive of
an acute infarction.
V6R ‫ تا‬V1R ‫) ليدهای طرف راست‬2 •
• Patients with an acute inferior MI should
have right-sided ECGs to assess for
possible right ventricular infarction.)19(
‫کليک کنيد‬
P ‫مشخصات موج‬
• First wave seen
• Small rounded, upright (positive) wave
• indicating atrial depolarization (and
contraction)
- PR INTERVAL
- PR SEGMENT
)11(
QRS ‫کمپلکس‬
• Three deflections following P wave
• Indicates ventricular depolarization (and
contraction)
• Q Wave: First negative deflection
• R Wave: First positive deflection
• S Wave: First negative deflection after R
wave
ST segment
• Distance between S wave and beginning
of T wave
• Measures time between ventricular
depolarization and beginning of
repolarization)77(
T ‫موج‬
• Rounded upright (positive) wave following
QRS
• Represents ventricular repolarization
• QT interval: Measured from beginning of
QRS to end of T wave.
• Represents total ventricular activity.
‫ تعیین‬rate
Method 1: Count Large Boxes
Regular rhythms can be quickly determined by counting the
number of large graph boxes between two R waves. That
number is divided into 300 to calculate bpm. The rates for the
first one to six large boxes can be easily memorized.
Remember: 60 sec/min divided by 0.20 sec/large box 300
large boxes/min.(23)
Method 2: Count Small Boxes
Sometimes it is necessary to count the number of small boxes
between two R waves for fast heart rates. That number is
divided into 1500 to calculate bpm. Remember: 60 sec/min
divided by 0.04 sec/small box 1500 small boxes/min.
Examples: If there are six small boxes between two R waves:
1500/6 250 bpm.
If there are ten small boxes between two R waves:
1500/10 150 bpm.)23(
Method 3: Six-Second ECG Rhythm Strip
The best method for measuring irregular rates with varying R-R
intervals is to count the
number of R waves in a 6-sec strip and multiply by 10. This gives
the
Using 6-sec ECG rhythm strip to calculate heart rate. Formula: 7 10 70 bpm
: ‫تفسیر ریتم قلب‬
1) rate
The bpm is commonly the ventricular rate.
If atrial and ventricular rates differ, as in a
3rd-degree block, measure both rates.
Normal: 60–100 bpm
Slow (bradycardia): 60 bpm
Fast (tachycardia): 100 bpm
2) Regularity
Measure R-R intervals and P-P intervals.
Regular: Intervals consistent
Regularly irregular: Repeating pattern
Irregular: No pattern
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3) P Waves
resent: Same in size, shape, position?
Does each QRS have a P wave?
Normal: Upright (positive) and uniform
Inverted: Negative
Notched: P′
None: Rhythm is junctional or ventricular.
PR Interval
• Constant: Intervals are the same.
• Variable: Intervals differ.
• Normal: 0.12–0.20 sec and constant
QRS Interval
• Normal: 0.06–0.10 sec
• Wide: 0.10 sec
• None: Absent
QT Interval
• Beginning of R wave to end of T wave
• Varies with HR.
• Normal: Less than half the R-R interval
Normal Sinus Rhythm (NSR)
Sinus Bradycardia
Sinus Tachycardia
Sinus Arrhythmia
‫‪(1‬ریتم جانکشنال‬
Idioventricular Rhythm
‫تعیین محورقلب‬
Electrical Axis of the Heart
The electrical axis is the sum total of all electrical currents
generated by the ventricular myocardium during depolarization.
Analysis of the axis may help to determine the location and
extent of cardiac injury, such as ventricular hypertrophy, bundle
branch block, or changes in the position of the heart in the
chest
(from, e.g., pregnancy or ascites).
The direction of the QRS complex in leads I and aVF
determines
the axis quadrant in relation to the heart. ) 74 ‫( صفحه‬
‫تعیین هیپرتروفی بطن ها‬
‫• هيپرتروفی بطن چپ‬
‫جمع عددی ارتفاع موج ‪ R‬در ‪ V6‬با عمق‬
‫موج‪ S‬در ‪V1‬بيشتر از ‪ 35‬شود ‪.‬‬
‫هيپرتروفی بطن راست‬
‫جمع عددی ارتفاع موج ‪ S‬در ‪ V6‬با عمق موج‪ R‬در‬
‫‪V1‬بيشتر از ‪10‬شود ‪.‬‬