Transcript Heart

Medical Terminology
A Living Language
Chapter 5
Cardiovascular System
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Multimedia Directory
Slide 13
Slide 27
Slide 36
Slide 38
Slide 40
Slide 45
Slide 67
Slide 72
Slide 81
Slide 84
Slide 88
Slide 92
Slide 95
Heart Anatomy Animation
Heart Chambers Animation
Atrial Blood Flow Animation
Atrial Contraction Animation
Ventricular Contraction Animation
Internal Heart Structures Exercise
Blood Pressure Animation
Cardiac Arrhythmia Video
Blood Pressure Measurement Video
Angina Pectoris Animation
Coronary Artery Disease Animation
Heart Attack Video
Aneurysm Animation
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Multimedia Directory Continued
Slide 106
Slide 107
Slide 112
Electrocardiography Video
EKG Technician Video
Defibrillation Video
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Cardiovascular System at a Glance

Functions of Cardiovascular (CV) System



Distribute blood to all areas of body
Delivery of needed substances to cells
Removal of wastes
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Cardiovascular System at a Glance

Organs of Cardiovascular System




Heart
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Cardiovascular Combining Forms






angi/o
aort/o
arteri/o
ather/o
atri/o
cardi/o
vessel
aorta
artery
fatty substance
atrium
heart
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Cardiovascular Combining Forms






coron/o
hemangi/o
phleb/o
sphygm/o
steth/o
thromb/o
heart
blood vessel
vein
pulse
chest
clot
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Cardiovascular Combining Forms






valv/o
valvul/o
vascul/o
vas/o
ven/o
ventricul/o
valve
valve
blood vessel
vessel, duct
vein
ventricle
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Cardiovascular System Suffixes
–manometer
 –ole
 –tension
 –ule

instrument to measure pressure
small
pressure
small
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Anatomy and Physiology

Also called circulatory system
 Maintains distribution of blood throughout body


Delivers oxygen and nutrients like glucose and
amino acids to cells
Picks up carbon dioxide and other waste
products from cells and delivers to lungs, liver, and
kidneys for elimination
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Anatomy and Physiology

Is composed of:


Heart
Blood vessels




Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
Divided into pulmonary circulation and
systemic circulation
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Heart Anatomy Animation
Click here to view an animation of the anatomy of the heart
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
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Systemic Circulation

Between heart and
cells of body
 Carries oxygenated
blood away from left
side of heart to body
 Carries
deoxygenated blood
from body to right
side of heart
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Pulmonary Circulation

Between heart and
lungs
 Carries
deoxygenated blood
away from right side
of heart to lungs
 Carries oxygenated
blood from lungs to
left side of heart
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Figure 5.1 – A schematic of the circulatory system illustrating the
pulmonary circulation picking up oxygen from the lungs and the
systemic circulation delivering oxygen to the body.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Heart

Muscular pump


Made up of cardiac muscle fibers
Could be called a muscle instead of an organ
Beats an average of 60 – 100 beats per
minute (bpm), or about 100,000 times a day
 Each time the muscle contracts:



Blood is ejected from heart
Pushed throughout body within blood vessels
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Heart

Located in the mediastinum


More to left side of chest
Directly behind sternum

About size of a fist
 Shaped like upside-down pear
 Tip of heart at lower edge

Called the apex
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Figure 5.2 – Location of the heart within
the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Heart Layers: write this down
Endocardium Myocardium
Epicardium
 Inner
 Outer
layer
 Lines heart
chambers
 Smooth, thin
layer that
reduces friction
as the blood
passes through
heart chambers
 Middle
layer
Thick muscle
 Contraction of
this layer
develops the
pressure
required to
pump blood
through blood
vessels
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
layer
 Forms the
visceral layer of
pericardial sac
 Fluid between
layers of
pericardial sac
reduces friction
as heart beats
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 5.3 – Internal view of the heart illustrating the heart chambers,
heart layers, and major blood vessels associated with the heart.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Heart Chambers

Divided into four chambers



Two atria
Two ventricles
Heart is divided into right and left sides by a
wall called the septum
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Atria

Left and right upper
chambers
 Receiving chambers
 Blood returns to atria
in veins


Superior and
inferior vena cava
Pulmonary veins
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Ventricles

Left and right lower
chambers
 Pumping chambers


Thick myocardium
Blood exits ventricles
into arteries


Aorta
Pulmonary artery
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 5.3 – Internal view of the heart illustrating the heart chambers,
heart layers, and major blood vessels associated with the heart.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 5.4 – Internal view of heart specimen illustrating
heart chambers, septum, and heart valves.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Heart Chambers Animation
Click here to view an animation of the chambers of the heart.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
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Heart Valves

Four valves in heart

Tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, aortic

Act as restraining gates to control direction of
blood flow
 Found at entrance and exit to ventricles
 Allow blood to flow only in forward direction by
blocking it from returning to previous chamber
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 5.4 – Internal view of heart specimen illustrating
heart chambers, septum, and heart valves.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Tricuspid Valve

An atrioventricular
valve
 Between right atrium
and ventricle


Prevents blood in
ventricle from flowing
back into atrium
Has 3 leaflets or
cusps
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Pulmonary Valve

A semilunar valve
 Between right
ventricle and
pulmonary artery


Prevents blood in
artery from flowing
back into ventricle
Semilunar – valve
looks like half moon
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Mitral Valve

An atrioventricular
valve
 Between left atrium
and ventricle


Prevents blood in
ventricle from flowing
back into atrium
Also called bicuspid
valve - has two
cusps
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Aortic Valve

A semilunar valve
 Between left
ventricle and aorta

Prevents blood in
aorta from flowing
back into ventricle
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Figure 5.5 – Superior view of heart valves illustrating
position, size, and shape of each valve.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Path of Blood Flow Through Heart
1. Deoxygenated blood
from body enters
relaxed right atrium
via two large veins
called:


Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Atrial Blood Flow Animation
Click here to view an animation of atrial blood flow.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
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Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Path of Blood Flow Through Heart
2. Right atrium
contracts

Blood flows through
tricuspid valve into
relaxed right ventricle
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Atrial Contraction Animation
Click here to view an animation of atrial contraction.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
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Path of Blood Flow Through Heart
3. Right ventricle
contracts


Blood is pumped
through pulmonary
valve into pulmonary
artery
Carries blood to
lungs
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Ventricular Contraction Animation
Click here to view an animation of ventricular contraction.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
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Path of Blood Flow Through Heart
4. Relaxed left atrium
receives blood that
has been
oxygenated by lungs

Blood enters left
atrium from the four
pulmonary veins
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Path of Blood Flow Through Heart
5. Left atrium contracts

Blood flows through
mitral valve into
relaxed left ventricle
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Path of Blood Flow Through Heart
6. Left ventricle
contracts



Blood is pumped
through the aortic
valve and into aorta
Largest artery in the
body
Carries blood to all
parts of body
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 5.6 – The path of blood flow through the
chambers of the left and right side of the heart.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Internal Heart Structures Exercise
Click here to review the internal structures of the heart in a labeling activity.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
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Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Systole and Diastole

Heart chambers alternate between:


Relaxing to fill
Contracting to push blood forward

Relaxation phase is diastole
 Contraction phase is systole
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Conduction System of the Heart

Autonomic nervous system controls heart rate


Therefore, no voluntary control over heart
Special heart tissue conducts electrical
impulses

Stimulate different chambers to contract in correct
order
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Path of the Conduction System
1. Sinoatrial (SA) node,
or pacemaker, is
where electrical
impulse begins


From SA node a wave
of electricity travels
through atria
Causing them to
contract, or go into
systole
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Path of the Conduction System
2. Next, atrioventricular
node (AV) is
stimulated
3. This node transfers
stimulation wave to
bundle of His
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Path of the Conduction System
4. Electrical wave travels
down bundle
branches within
interventricular
septum
5. Finally, Purkinje
fibers in ventricular
myocardium are
stimulated

Results in ventricular
systole
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Figure 5.7 – The conduction system of the heart.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Figure 5.8 – An electrocardiogram (EKG) wave.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Blood Vessels

Pipes that circulate blood through body
 Three types:




Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
Lumen is the channel within blood vessels
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Arteries

Large thick-walled vessels
 Wall contains smooth muscle and can dilate or
constrict
 As arteries travel through body they branch
into progressively smaller vessels called
arterioles
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Figure 5.9 – Comparative structure of arteries, capillaries, and veins.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Arteries

Carry blood away from heart




Towards either lungs or cells and tissues of body
Pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to
lungs
Aorta carries oxygenated blood to body
Coronary arteries supply myocardium
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Figure 5.10 – The coronary arteries.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Figure 5.11 – The major arteries of the body.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Capillaries

Network of tiny, thin-walled blood vessels
called a capillary bed
 Connecting unit between arteries and veins



Arterial blood flows into capillary bed
Venous blood flows out of capillary bed
Location for:


Oxygen and nutrients to diffuse out
Carbon dioxide and wastes to diffuse in
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 5.9 – Comparative structure of arteries, capillaries, and veins.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Veins

Much thinner walls than arteries
 Much lower pressure system than in arteries



Have valves to insure blood flows only towards
heart
Squeezing by skeletal muscles also assists blood
return to heart
Smallest veins are called venules
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 5.9 – Comparative structure of arteries, capillaries, and veins.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Veins

Carry blood towards the heart



From either the lungs or the cells and tissues of
body
Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from
lungs
Superior and inferior vena cava carry
deoxygenated blood from body
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Figure 5.12 – The major veins of the body.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Blood Pressure

Measurement of force exerted by blood
against walls of a vessel
 May be affected by several characteristics of
blood and blood vessels





Elasticity of arteries
Diameter of blood vessels
Viscosity of blood
Volume of blood
Amount of resistance to blood flow
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Blood Pressure

During ventricular systole




Blood is under great pressure
Gives highest pressure—systolic
Top number of blood pressure reading
During ventricular diastole



Blood isn’t being pushed from heart at all
Blood pressure drops to lowest point—diastolic
Bottom number of blood pressure reading
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Blood Pressure Animation
Click here to view an animation on systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
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Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Word Building with angi/o – write
these down
–gram
angiogram
record of a vessel
–itis
angiitis
inflammation of a vessel
–plasty
angioplasty
surgical repair of vessel
–spasm
angiospasm
involuntary muscle
contraction in a vessel
–stenosis
angiostenosis
narrowing of a vessel
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Word Building with aort/o & arteri/o
– write these down
–ic
aortic
pertaining to the aorta
–al
arterial
pertaining to an artery
–ole
arteriole
small artery
–rrhexis
arteriorrhexis
ruptured artery
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Word Building with ather/o & atri/owrite these down
atherectomy
surgical removal of fatty
substance
–oma
atheroma
fatty substance
tumor/growth
–al
atrial
pertaining to the atrium
–ectomy
inter– –al interatrial
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
pertaining to between the
atrium
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Word Building with cardi/o – write
these down
–ac
cardiac
pertaining to the heart
brady– –ia bradycardia
state of slow heart
electr/o
record of heart’s
electrocardiogram
–gram
electricity
–megaly
cardiomegaly
my/o –al
myocardial
–ologist
–rrhexis
cardiologist
cardiorrhexis
tachy– –ia tachycardia
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
enlarged heart
pertaining to heart
muscle
heart specialist
ruptured heart
state of fast heart
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Cardiac Arrhythmia Video
Click here to view a video on tachycardia and bradycardia.
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Word Building with coron/o,
phleb/o, and vascul/o – write these
down
–ary
coronary
pertaining to the heart
–itis
phlebitis
inflammation of a vein
–ar
vascular
pertaining to a blood
vessel
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
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Word Building with valv/o & valvul/o
– write these down
–plasty
valvoplasty
surgical repair of valve
–itis
valvulitis
inflammation of a valve
–ar
valvular
pertaining to a valve
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
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Word Building with ven/o & ventricul/o –
write these down
–ous
venous
pertaining to veins
–ule
venule
small vein
–gram
venogram
record of a vein
–ar
ventricular
pertaining to ventricles
inter– –ar interventricular
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
pertaining to between
ventricles
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Cardiovascular Vocabulary – more
writing
auscultation
cardiology
catheter
listening to sounds within body using a
stethoscope
branch of medicine for diagnosis and
treatment of cardiovascular disease;
physician is a cardiologist
flexible tube inserted in body to move fluids
into or out of body; may be used to place
dye into a vein to view blood vessels
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
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Cardiovascular Vocabulary – even
more writing
infarct
area of necrotic tissue due to loss of blood
supply
ischemia
local and temporary deficiency of blood
supply due to a circulatory obstruction
murmur
abnormal heart sound such as soft blowing
sound or a harsh click; also called a bruit
orthostatic
sudden drop in blood pressure when
hypotension standing up suddenly
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
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Cardiovascular Vocabulary – and
more
palpitations
pounding, racing heartbeats
plaque
yellow, fatty deposit of lipids in an artery;
hallmark of atherosclerosis
regurgitation
to flow backwards; in CV system refers to
backflow of blood through a valve
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
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Cardiovascular Vocabulary – and
more writing
sphygmomanometer
stent
stethoscope
blood pressure cuff; measures
blood pressure
stainless steel tube placed within
blood vessel to widen the lumen
instrument for listening to body
sounds
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
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Figure 5.13 – Using a sphygmomanometer
to measure blood pressure.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
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Blood Pressure Measurement
Video
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Figure 5.14 – A) A catheter is used to place a collapsed stent next to
an atherosclerotic plaque; B) stent is expanded; C) catheter is
removed, leaving the expanded stent behind.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
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Heart Pathology – remember
when you researched these?
severe pain and sensation of constriction
around heart; caused by myocardial
ischemia
irregularity in heartbeat; some are mild and
arrhythmia
others are life threatening
electrical impulse is blocked from traveling
bundle
down bundle branches; results in ventricles
branch
beating at different rate than atria; also
block (BBB)
called heart block
angina
pectoris
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Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
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Angina Pectoris Animation
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Heart Pathology
cardiac arrest
complete stopping of heart activity
myocardial disease; may be caused by
viral infection, congestive heart failure,
cardiomyopathy
or alcoholism; common reason for heart
transplant
congenital
septal defect
(CSD)
hole, present at birth, in heart septum;
allows mixing of oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
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Heart Pathology
congestive
heart failure
(CHF)
coronary
artery disease
(CAD)
left ventricle muscle is too weak to
efficiently pump blood; results in
weakness, breathlessness, & edema
poor blood supply to heart muscle due to
obstruction of coronary arteries; may
cause angina pectoris and heart attack
endocarditis
inflammation of lining membranes of
heart; if cause is bacterial may have a
bacterial colony form, called vegetation
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
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Figure 5.15 – Formation of an atherosclerotic plaque within a
coronary artery.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
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Coronary Artery Disease
Animation
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Heart Pathology
fibrillation
flutter
heart valve
prolapse
heart valve
stenosis
extremely serious arrhythmia characterized
by quivering of heart fibers; cardiac arrest
and death can occur
arrhythmia in which atria beat too rapidly,
but in a regular pattern
cusps are too loose and fail to shut tightly;
allowing regurgitation
cusps are too stiff; unable to shut tightly;
allowing regurgitation
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
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Heart Pathology
myocardial
occlusion of coronary artery; results in a
infarction (MI) myocardial infarct; a heart attack
myocarditis
inflammation of heart muscle layer
pericarditis
inflammation of pericardial sac
tetralogy of
Fallot
combination of four congenital
anomalies; pulmonary stenosis,
interventricular septal defect, improper
placement of aorta, hypertrophy of right
ventricle; requires immediate surgery
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
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Figure 5.16 – External and cross-sectional view of an infarct caused
by a myocardial infarction.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
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Heart Attack Video
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Blood Vessel Pathology
aneurysm
weakness and ballooning of arterial
wall; commonly seen in abdominal and
cerebral arteries
hardening & loss of elasticity of arterial
arteriosclerosis
walls; often due to atherosclerosis
most common form of arteriosclerosis;
atherosclerosis
lipid plaques form in arterial wall
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
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Figure 5.17 – Illustration of a large aneurysm in the abdominal aorta
which has ruptured.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
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Aneurysm Animation
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Figure 5.18 – Development of an atherosclerotic plaque that
progressively narrows the lumen of an artery to the point that a
thrombus fully occludes the lumen.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
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Blood Vessel Pathology
coarctation of
aorta (CoA)
severe congenital narrowing of aorta
embolus
obstruction of blood vessel by blood
clot that has broken off from a
thrombus in another site
hemorrhoid
varicose veins in anal region
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
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Figure 5.19 – Illustration of an embolus floating in an artery. The
embolus will become lodged in a blood vessel that is smaller than it
is, resulting in occlusion of that artery.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
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Blood Vessel Pathology
hypertension
(HTN)
hypotension
patent ductus
arteriosus
(PDA)
high blood pressure; essential or
primary hypertension is due to CV
disease; secondary hypertension results
from another disease
decrease in blood pressure; may be due
to shock or anemia
congenital heart anomaly where fetal
connection between pulmonary artery
and aorta fails to close at birth
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
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Blood Vessel Pathology
peripheral
abnormal condition affecting any blood
vascular
vessel outside the heart; symptoms may
disease (PVD) include pain, pallor, & blocked circulation
polyarteritis
inflammation of several arteries
Raynaud’s
phenomenon
periodic ischemic attacks affecting
extremities; especially fingers, toes,
ears, and nose; extremities become
cyanotic; triggered by cold exposure
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
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Blood Vessel Pathology
thrombophlebitis
inflammation of vein resulting in blood
clots within a vein
thrombus
blood clot within a blood vessel; may
partially or completely occlude blood
vessel
varicose veins
swollen and distended veins; often in
the legs
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
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Clinical Laboratory Tests – write
these down
cardiac
enzymes
serum
lipoprotein
level
blood test determines level of enzymes
specific to heart muscle in blood; an
increase may indicate heart muscle
damage such as a myocardial infarction
blood test measures amount of cholesterol
and triglycerides in blood; indicator of
atherosclerosis risk
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
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Diagnostic Imaging – write these
down
angiography
X-rays taken after injection of opaque dye
into blood vessel
nuclear medicine scan using radioactive
cardiac scan thallium; especially useful in determining
myocardial damage
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Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
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Diagnostic Imaging – write these
down
using ultrasound to produce an
image of blood flowing through blood
Doppler
vessels in order to determine
ultrasonography
velocity; indicates blood clots or deep
vein thromboses
use of ultrasound to visualize internal
echocardiography
cardiac structures; especially valves
X-ray of veins; used to identify a
venography
thrombus
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Cardiac Function Tests – write
these down
catheter is threaded through blood
vessel to heart; detects
cardiac
abnormalities, collects cardiac
catheterization
blood samples, and determines
blood pressure inside heart
process of recording electrical
electrocardiography activity of heart; able to diagnose
(ECG, EKG)
arrhythmias and myocardial
damage
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
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Electrocardiography Video
Click here to view a video on electrocardiography
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EKG Technician Video
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Cardiac Function Tests – write
these down
Holter
monitor
stress
testing
portable ECG monitor worn by patient up
to a few days to assess heart activity as
person goes through daily activities
evaluates cardiovascular fitness; patient
exercises on treadmill or bicycle with a
steadily increasing work load; EKC and
oxygen levels are monitored throughout
the test
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
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Figure 5.20 – Man undergoing stress test on a treadmill. (Jonathan
Nourok/PhotoEdit Inc.)
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
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Medical Procedures – write these
down
procedure to restore cardiac output
cardiopulmonary
and oxygenate air for person in cardiac
resuscitation
arrest; uses chest compressions and
(CPR)
artificial respiration
procedure that converts irregular
defibrillation
heartbeats, such as fibrillation, using
an electric shock
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
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Figure 5.21 – An emergency medical technician positions defibrillator
paddles on the chest of a supine male patient.
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Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
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Defibrillation Video
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Medical Procedures- write this
down
pacemaker
implantation
device implanted into the heart to
substitute for the natural pacemaker;
especially helpful for bradycardia
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
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Figure 5.22 – Color enhanced X-ray showing pacemaker implanted
in the chest and the electrode wires running to the heart. (UHB
Trust/Getty Images Inc.–Stone Allstock)
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
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Medical Procedures
thrombolytic
therapy
use of drugs, such as streptokinase
or tissue-type plasminogen activator,
to dissolve clots and restore blood
flow
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
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Surgical Procedures – write this
down
coronary artery
bypass graft
(CABG)
blood vessel from another location
(often a leg vein) is grafted to route
blood around a blocked coronary
artery
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
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Surgical Procedures – write this
down
heart transplant
intracoronary
artery stent
replacement of a diseased heart
with a donor heart
placing a stent within a coronary
artery; treats coronary ischemia due
to atherosclerosis
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
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Surgical Procedures – write these
down
percutaneous
transluminal
coronary
angioplasty
(PTCA)
balloon catheter is inserted through
skin into coronary artery; inflated to
dilate the narrow blood vessel
valve replacement
removal of diseased valve and
replacement with an artificial valve
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
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Figure 5.23 – Balloon angioplasty.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
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Cardiovascular Pharmacology –
write these down
anticoagulant
antilipidemic
prevents blood clot
formation
reduces blood cholesterol
level
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
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Warfarin,
Coumadin
Lipitor,
Zocor
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Cardiovascular Pharmacology –
write these down
Betablocker
lowers heart rate to treat
hypertension and angina
pectoris
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Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
Lopressor,
Inderal
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Cardiovascular Pharmacology –
write these down
diuretic
increases urine
production to reduce
plasma volume to
lower blood pressure
Lasix
thrombolytic
dissolves existing
blood clot
Plavix, Activase
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
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Cardiovascular Abbreviationswrite these down
AFB
atrial fibrillation
AMI
acute myocardial infarction
ASD
atrial septal defect
arteriosclerotic heart disease
AV, A-V
atrioventricular
BP
blood pressure
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
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Cardiovascular Abbreviations –
write these down
bpm
beats per minute
CABG
coronary artery bypass graft
CAD
coronary artery disease
cath
catheterization
CCU
coronary care unit
CHF
congestive heart failure
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
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Cardiovascular Abbreviations –
write these down
CPK
creatine phosphokinase
CPR
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
CV
cardiovascular
ECG, EKG
electrocardiogram
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
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Cardiovascular Abbreviations –
write these down
ECHO
echocardiogram
HTN
hypertension
ICU
intensive care unit
IV
intravenous
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
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Cardiovascular Abbreviations –
write these down
MI
myocardial infarction, mitral insufficiency
mmHg
millimeters of mercury
MVP
mitral valve prolapse
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
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Cardiovascular Abbreviations –
write these down
Vfib
ventricular fibrillation
VSD
ventricular septal defect
VT
ventricular tachycardia
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht
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