Transcript Cardiovascular System

Cardiovascular System
Vocabulary Terms
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Minion (n)- a lackey; a follower devoted to serving his/her master.
Façade (n)- the face or front of a person or building; a false,
superficial appearance
To digress (v)- to deviate or stray from the main topic of
conversation.
To dissent (v)- to disagree with the general opinion
To acquiesce (v)- to comply or consent to something without
protest
Aloof (adj)- to have a distant and/or cold personality
Affable (adj)- someone who is friendly, approachable, easy-tospeak with
Altruistic (adj)- to be selfless and giving
Salacious (adj)- leading to lustful or sinful thoughts
Blood Vessels
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Blood vessels (i.e. arteries, veins,
capillaries) are the system of “tubes”
used to transmit:
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Blood,
Hormones
Electrolytes
Sugar
Pathogens (bacteria, etc)
Medical root for blood vessels or any
tubes in the body is “Angio”
Components of Blood
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Blood
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Blood consists of 3 types of “cells” and the
fluid by which it moves.
The following cells are called the Formed
Elements.
1. Thrombocytes (aka Platelets)
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They destroy pathogens
3. Erythrocytes (aka Red Blood Cells)
Transport Oxygen in the form of Hemoglobin
and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) as waste.
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99% of formed elements are RBCs
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RBCs live 3 mos; later broken down by
Spleen
Plasma
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The Fluid by which these formed elements
move.
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Made mostly of water.
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Yellowish in color
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In the plasma moves hormones, electrolytes,
etc
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Help with clotting
2. Leukocytes (aka White Blood Cells)
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The “river of life,” the fluid that contains
elements essential to life
You have about 1 gallon of blood
General Concepts
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Basic Terms
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The Heart
 The pump that delivers blood
throughout the body
Artery
 The “tubes” that carry
oxygen-rich blood from the
heart to every cell in your
body
 Arteries later become
arterioles, or smaller arteries.
General Concepts
Capillaries
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Arterioles become
capillaries
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Capillaries are the smallest
blood vessels in the body (1
cell thick)
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They deliver the oxygenrich blood to cells
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They then collect the “poop”
of cellular waste (including
Carbon Dioxide) and
eventually become little
veins called Venules
 Veins
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Venules become Veins.
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These are the “tubes” that
carry the C02 waste back to
the heart
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The heart pushes the CO2
to the lungs to be exhaled
and 02 to be inhaled.
Remember!!!
 Arteries take blood away from
heart
 Veins return it to heart
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Heart
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It is a pump that distributes
blood to the entire body.
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Though it is one organ, it has
two separate pumps that do
not interact with each
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Right Side
Left Side
The right and left side are
divided by a wall called a
Septum.
The heart has 2 atria and 2
ventricles
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The atria collect blood
The ventricles push the blood
to their respective destination.
Rt Side of the Heart
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Main function of Rt-sided
heart
 To send oxygen-poor
blood to the lungs
 Right Atrium
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Collecting chamber that
receives 0xygen-poor blood
from the 2 main veins that
return blood to the heart
from the entire body
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Superior Vena Cava
Inferior Vena Cava
Coronary Sinus
Tricuspid Valve
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The door between the Right
Atrium and Rt Ventricle
Rt Side of Heart (Cont)
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Right Ventricle
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Pulmonary Valve
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Pushes oxygen-poor blood
to the lungs
The Door between the Right
Ventricle and the Pulmonary
Artery
Pulmonary Artery
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Rt and Lt pulmonary arties
carry blood to Right and
Left Lungs to receive
oxygen at the Alveoli.
Pulmonary Circulation
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The Rt and Lt Pulmonary
Arteries divide into smaller
arterioles that reach the
alveoli of the lungs
There at the alveoli, the
oxygen is “picked up” by the
red blood cells and the
blood becomes oxygen-rich
At the alveoli, the small
venules (little veins) take
the O2-rich blood and
eventually combine to
create the Pulmonary Vein
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Each lung has 2 pulmonary
veins coming out of it.
Left Side of Heart
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The two (2) pulmonary
veins from each lung
deposit their 02-rich
blood in the:
Left Atrium
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Collecting chamber of
the left side of heart
Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve
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The “door” between the
left atrium and the:
Left Ventricle
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The larger, stronger
chamber of the heart
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Because it has to pump
the blood to the entire
body.
Blood exits the left
ventricle through the
Aortic Valve
Once the blood passes
the aortic valve it is out of
the heart and in the aorta
Heart Review
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Heart Rate is controlled by the Autonomic
Nervous System of the brain.
The cardiac cycle refers to all of the events
associated with the flow of blood through the
heart during one complete heartbeat.
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Systole- heart contraction
Diastole- heart relaxation
Normal blood pressure is 120 Systole; 80 Diastole
Nodes
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The brain sends electrical impulses
to the heart for regulation
These impulses are regulated by
Nodes.
Sino-Atrial Node (SA Node)
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Also known as the Pacemaker.
A bundle of nerves located on the
superior wall of the Right Atrium
Controls atrial beat and sends impulse
to…
Nodes
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Atrio-Ventricular Node (AV
Node)
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Controls ventricular beat
Located on wall between Right
Atrium and Right Ventricle near
Tricuspid Valve
Layers of the Heart
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The heart has three (3)
layers
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Pericardium
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Myocardium
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Outside layer of heart
Tough, fibrous layer
Middle layer of heart
As name suggests, it is the
part of the heart that has
the cardiac muscle that
contracts the chambers.
Biggest, thickest layer
Endocardium
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Innermost layer of heart
Layers of an Artery
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Every artery in the body
has three (3) layers
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Tunica externa
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Tunica media
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The middle layer
Tunica intima
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The outermost layer
The innermost layer
Aneurysm
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When blood begins to
leak through one of the
layers
The Aorta “The Big Papi”
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It is the largest artery in the body
All major arteries in the body originate off the aorta
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Aorta divided into four (4) sections
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They have different names but they are the
same vessel
1. Ascending Aorta
 Part of aorta that immediately comes out of
the heart and ascends (moves up) into the
chest cavity
 The coronary arteries come off of the
ascending aorta.
2. Arch of Aorta
 The aorta then turns to the left to create an
arch before turning downward
 The Arch gives off three (3) very important
vessels.
Aorta
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3. Descending Aorta
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Otherwise known as the
Thoracic Aorta
It descends down the
thoracic cavity behind
the heart
4. Abdominal Aorta
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Once it passes the
diaphragm, it becomes
the Abdominal Aorta
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The Abdominal Aorta
gives off all major
arteries that supply
blood to all the
abdominal organs
Coronary Arteries
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The first set of arteries that
come off the aorta.
They supply blood to the
actual heart and its
myocardium so it can continue
to pump
After giving its 02 away,
Coronary arteries become the
Coronary Veins, which unite to
become the Coronary Sinus,
one of the openings in the
Right Atrium
Coronary Arteries are the site
of heart attacks (aka
Myocardial Infarctions or MIs)
Arch of Aorta
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Three (3) important vessels
originate off the arch of the
aorta that supply blood to the
head and arms.
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1) Left Subclavian Artery
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2) Left Common Carotid Artery
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Supplies blood to the left arm
Supplies blood to the left side
of the face and brain
3) Brachiocephalic Artery
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Small trunk of an artery that
eventually gives birth to the:
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Rt Common Carotid Artery
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Supplies blood to the right
side of face and brain
Rt Subclavian Artery
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Supplies blood to the right
arm
The Head
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The left and right common
carotid arteries are the main
arteries to the face, head, and
brain.
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The common carotids divide
into the:
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External carotids (2)-supply
blood to the face
Internal carotids (2)- supply
blood to the brain
Smaller arteries, called the
Vertebral arteries, originate off
the left and right subclavian
arteries and travel up the Cspine to supply blood to the
back of the brain
So, Internal Carotids and
Vertebral arteries supply blood
to the brain.
The Circle of Willis
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The Lt and Rt Internal
Carotids (2) reach the base
of the brain where they
become the:
Circle of Willis
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The intricate network of
brain arteries that supply
blood to the entire brain
The Lt and Rt Vertebral
Arteries merge to form the
Basilar Artery which creates
the posterior part of the
Circle of Willis.
Stroke
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“Heart attack of the brain”
occurs here
Blood supply to the Arm
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The left Subclavian artery
originates off the Arch of the
Aorta
The right Subclavian comes off
of the Brachiocephalic artery
Either way, the Subclavian
changes names as it goes to
wrist but it is the same vessel
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When it passes the armpit, it
becomes the Axillary Art
When it enters the arm, it
becomes the Brachial Art
When it enters the forearm, it
divides into the Radial and
Ulnar arteries
It then divides into numerous
arteries in the hand.
The Arteries of the Abdomen
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All major arteries of the
abdomen come off the
Abdominal Aorta
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Celiac Trunk (T-12)
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Short artery that breaks off into:
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Superior Mesenteric A.(L-1)
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Supply blood to the kidneys
Gonadal (Testicular) (L-2)
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Gives blood to the superior part
of the abdomen
Renal Arteries
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Splenic Artery- gives blood to the
Spleen
Common Hepatic Artery- gives
blood to Liver
Gastric Artery -blood to stomach
Gives blood to the gonads
(testicles & ovaries, respectively)
Inferior Mesenteric A. (L-3)
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Gives blood to inferior part of the
abdomen
Arteries of the Pelvis
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At Lumbar 4, the Abdominal
Aorta divides into the Left
and Right Common Iliac
arteries
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The Common Iliac divide into:
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The Internal Iliac Artery
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Supply blood to the pelvis,
bladder and genitalia
The External Iliac Artery
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Major vessels that supply blood
to the legs.
Arteries of the Lower Extremity
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The external iliac artery
changes names as it
descends the leg, but it is
still the same artery
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Once it passes the hip, it
becomes the Femoral
Artery
Once it enters the knee, it
becomes the Popliteal
Artery
Once it passes the knee, it
divides into the Anterior and
Posterial Tibial Arteries.
It then breaks into
numerous arteries in the
foot.
Veins
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The Veins have three
(3) layers as well
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Externa (Adventitia)
Media
Interna (Endothelium)
The major difference is
that veins have valves
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They prevent backflow of
blood
Veins of the Lower Extremity
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The Veins of the Leg is an
almost exact mirror image of
the arteries.
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Anterior and Posterior Tibial
Veins of the lower leg become
the:
Popliteal Vein at the knee,
which becomes the:
Femoral Vein in the leg
becomes the External Iliac
Vein in the pelvis, which
becomes the Common Iliac
Vein
The only difference is the Great
Saphenous Vein, a small
superficial vein that stretches
from the ankle to the thigh.
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Used for bypass surgeries
Pelvic Veins
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The Common Iliac Vein of
each leg merges to
become the Inferior Vena
Cava (IVC), the largest
blood vessel of the body
at L-5.
Inferior Vena Cava (IVC)
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The Inferior Vena Cava (IVC)
receives blood from the:
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Testicular (Gonadal) Veins
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Renal Veins
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Return blood from the kidney
Hepatic Vein
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Return blood from the
testicles/gonads
Return blood from the liver
The IVC then passes the
diaphragm to enter the
Thoracic cavity and delivers
the low Oxygen blood to the
Right Atrium of the Heart.
Hepatic Portal System
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The villi of the small intestines
absorb the nutrients of the chyme
Those nutrients are taken by the
Inferior and Superior Mesenteric
veins to the liver for filtration
The Inferior and Superior
Mesenteric Veins merge to form the
Hepatic Portal Vein prior to entering
the Liver
The Liver filters the nutrients in the
blood
The “clean” blood is then deposited
into the Inferior Vena Cava via the
Hepatic Vein
The IVC then takes the blood to the
right atrium
Veins of the Upper Extremity
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The Veins of the Arm mirror that of
the arteries with some notable
differences
 The Ulnar and Radial veins of the
forearm turn into the Brachial
vein in the arm.
 The Brachial vein turns into
the Axillary vein, then the
Subclavian vein
 There are 2 superficial veins in
the arm as well.
 The Cephalic Vein
drains the lateral arm
 The Basilic Vein drains
the medial arm
 Both drain into the
Axillary Vein
Veins of the Head
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The veins of the head are a
mirror image of the arteries
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Instead of 2 Carotid
Arteries, we have 2 Jugular
Veins (Left and Right)
The Internal jugular vein
drains blood from the brain
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Identical to internal carotid
The External Jugular vein
drains blood from the face
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Identical to external carotid
The Superior Vena Cava (SVC)
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When the Subclavian Veins
(Arm) meets the Internal
Jugular Veins (Head), they
form the Left and Right
Brachiocephalic veins
The Right and Left
Brachiocephalic Veins
merge to form the Superior
Vena Cava (SVC)
 The Superior Vena Cava,
along with
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Inferior Vena Cava, and
the
Coronary Sinus (Vein) enter
the Rt Atrium.
Terms
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Arrhythmia- when heart beat is irregular
Tachycardia- heart beat over 100 beats per minute
Bradycardia- “
” under 60 beats per minute
Angioplasty- “angio”= vessels, “plasty”= surgical repair
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Placing a stent (wire mesh) in a coronary artery to prevent a heart attack by
pushing the plaque against the arterial wall..
Systole –heart contracts
Diastole -heart relaxes
 The two numbers in a blood pressure are your systolic and diastolic
reading. Systolic number is first, followed by diastolic.
 120/80 is normal
Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack)
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A progressive disease in which a coronary artery accumulates too much
plaque to the point that blood cannot go beyond it. Heart tissue beyond the
blockage dies.
Coronary Stents (Angioplasty)
Stroke
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Heart attack of brain
Plaque or a clot blocks up cerebral artery
Area beyond that is deprived of blood and 02 and dies.
Aneurysm
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An aneurysm is an abnormal widening or ballooning of a portion of
an artery due to weakness in the wall of the blood vessel.
Either hereditary or lifestyle choices
High Blood Pressure and cholesterol culprits
CT Angiogram of Aorta.
Aortic Dissection
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An actual tear or rupturing of the wall of the intima layer
Blood flows between the layers, and eventually leads to:
Aortic Rupture (Hemorrhage)
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Aorta bursts and blood flows into body cavity
High, high rate of death
Clots vs Embolism
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Clots are a piece of plaque which gets too big it blocks (occludes)
the artery or vein
Sometimes that piece will break off, like an iceberg, and travel
toward another part of the body, like the leg or heart
The heart will pump it to the lungs and brain and that piece can get
stuck in the small arterioles there and cause a blockage (embolism)