Transcript File - Kimberley Bates

Cardiovascular System
• The network responsible for connecting
tissues of the body to each other.
• System includes the Heart, a vast network
of blood vessels, and blood.
• The heart works as a pump for the
cardiovascular system, the blood vessels
connect the heart to the body’s organ
systems, and blood carries materials such
as free fatty acids, oxygen, and lactic
acid through the system.
Cardiovascular System
• The Cardiovascular System is closed –
meaning our blood does not enter/exit the
system.
• 4.7 – 5.7 L of blood in our body.
Cardiovascular System
• System that is very
important for all
athletes, especially
endurance athletes
such as marathon
runners, triathletes,
cross country skiers
and biathletes.
Simon Whitfield, winning the Olympic Gold Medal
for the Triathlon. Australia, 2000.
Cardiovascular and Respiratory System
• Function of System:
to provide an
optimal
environment for
cellular function.
(right) picture of the
cardiovascular and
respiratory system
Cardiovascular and Respiratory System
Cardiovascular System
Primary Roles of the CV
System:
• To transport nutrients
and remove waste
products.
• To maintain the
environment for all the
body’s functions:
regulate acid-base system;
body temperature and a
variety of other
physiological functions.
Cardiovascular System
The Heart:
• Muscular organ that in reality is
two interconnected but
separate pumps; right side of
the heart pumps blood through
the lungs; the left side pumps
blood through the rest of the
body.
• Each pump has two chambers
an atrium and a ventricle (4
chambers total).
• The right and left atria
primarily act as blood storage
areas, delivering blood into the
right and left ventricles.
• The right and left ventricles
supply blood to the lungs and
rest of the body.
Cardiovascular System
The Heart:
• Composed of cardiac
muscle cells – contains
Myosin and Actin
filaments, similar to
skeletal muscle cells.
• Highly fatigue resistant.
• Each contraction and
relaxation by the heart
muscle represents a heart
beat.
Cardiovascular Sytem
• CV System is
divided into two
distinct loops:
The Pulmonary
Circuit and the
Systemic
Circuit.
Cardiovascular System
The Pulmonary
Circuit:
• Oxygen depleted
blood is pumped
away from the heart
• Returns from the
lungs oxygenated
Cardiovascular System
The Systemic Circuit:
• Transports
oxygenated blood
away from the heart
to the rest of the body
• Returns oxygenated
depleted blood back
to the heart
• Is longer than the
pulmonary circuit in
distance as it has to
transport blood to
every party of the
body
Cardiovascular System
• During exercise, the blood flow
to the working skeletal muscle
needs to be increased.
• This can be accomplished by:
1. The heart can increase the
amount of blood it pumps
each minute.
2. The systemic system can
redirect blood by reducing
blood flow to less active tissues
and increasing flow to more
active tissues.
Cardiovascular System
• Stroke Volume:
• The amount of blood pumped in one contraction of
the heart
• Heart Rate:
• How many times the heart pumps in one minute
• CARDIAC OUTPUT=STOKE VOLUME X HEART RATE
• “The more blood pumped in each contraction (Stroke
Volume), the more beats the heart has in a minute (Heart
Rate) the greater the Cardiac Output.”
Cardiovascular System
Blood Vessels:
• The circulatory system is a
single closed-circuit system
divided into: arteries,
capillaries and veins.
• An arterial system that
carries blood away from the
heart.
• A venous system which
returns blood to the heart.
• Capillaries connect arteries
and veins.
Cardiovascular System
Arteries:
• Function: rapidly
transport blood pumped
from the heart.
• Arteries have strong,
muscular walls because the
blood is under high
pressure.
• Smaller branches of arteries
called arterioles act as
control vessels through
which blood enters the
capillaries.
• Arterioles decide how much
blood goes into capillaries
based on tissue need.
Cardiovascular System
Veins:
• Function: rapidly transport low
oxygenated blood to the heart.
• Exceptions: Pulmonary Vein
• Most veins have one-way flaps called
venous valves that prevent blood from
back flowing and pooling in the lower
extremities due to the effects of gravity.
• Smaller branches of veins are called
venules, have thinner walls than arteries.
• A venule allows deoxygenated blood to
return from the capillary beds to the
larger blood vessels, veins.
Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular System
Blood:
• Fluid component called
Plasma, and three
major cell types (red,
white, platelets)
• Red blood cells,
contain a protein called
hemoglobin. Oxygen
travels to tissues
attached to the
hemoglobin protein.
Cardiovascular System
Blood Pressure
• Within the CV system, blood flows from
an area of high pressure to an area of
low pressure.
• As the heart contracts (systole), an area
of high pressure is created in the
ventricles and blood is directed out of
the heart into the major arterial blood
vessels, the pulmonary artery, and the
aorta.
• When the heart relaxes (diastole),
pressure in the ventricles drops to zero,
and blood flows from the major venous
blood vessels into the ventricles.
• The Sphygomomanometer measures
blood pressure.
• Ideal blood pressure is 120/80
• High blood pressure = Hypertension
Cardiovascular System
What is the difference between: (Veins,
Venules, Arteries & Capillaries)
• Veins
– Move blood to the heart from the rest of the
body
– Valves prevent deoxygenated blood from
travelling backwards
• Venules
– Transfer waste products including CO2 from
the body to the veins for transport back to the
lungs
– Transfer occurs at the single cell level through
osmosis and diffusion
• Arteries:
– Transport oxygen & energy in the blood from
the heart to the body
– Blood is kept moving by the elastic and
muscular construction of the arteries
• Capillaries:
– Transfer oxygen & energy to the body
– Transfer occurs at the single cell level
– Exercise increases the amount of capillaries at
the muscular level
Why is the last statement important
when performing cardio exercises?
Major Constituents of Blood
 Blood Plasma (55%)
 Mostly water (95%)
 Contains nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes,
ions & proteins
 Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
 Act as transport for O2 & CO2
 Most of the 3 types of blood cells
 White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
 Crucial to our defense against disease & infection
 Blood Platelet Cells (Thrombocytes)
 Important for clotting (when wounds scab)
What Blood Type Are You?
 What are the different Blood Groups?
 Differences in human blood are due to the presence of proteins
called antigens located on Red Blood Cells and antibodies
located in your blood plasma
 Individuals have different types & combinations of these
depending on what you inherited from your family
 If your blood has the same Antibodies as your donor’s Antigen
then the transfusion will not work
 Blood Group: Type A
 You have Group A antigens on your red blood cells & B
antibodies in your blood plasma
 Blood Group Type B
 You have Group B antigens on your red blood cells & A
antibodies in your blood plasma
Type O: The Universal Donor
•
Blood Group: Type O
 You have no Group A or B antigens on your red blood cells
& both A and B antibodies in your blood plasma
 As a result your blood is easily accepted by the other Types
of Blood
 The bad news is you only accept your blood type or else you
A and B antibodies will react with the other types blood
Antigens
 Blood Group Type AB
 You have no A or B antibodies in your plasma so you can
receive blood from almost any blood type
 You have both A and B antigens on your Red Blood Cells so
your blood is the least accepted blood by others
 You are known as the Universal Receiver
Blood Pressure/Heart Rate & Health
 What does Blood Pressure Measure?
 Systolic Pressure
 Measures the amount of pressure required to collapse
an artery during the Systole Phase (When the ventricles
contract to move blood out of the heart)
 This is the top number and is higher because the
greatest pressure is created by the Pump of the ventricle
trying to push blood through the body
 Diastolic Pressure
 Measures the amount of pressure required to collapse
an artery during the Diastole Phase (When the Atria
and Ventricles are relaxed)
 This is the bottom number and is lower because this is
when pressure is lowest because the heart is relaxed
Blood Pressure/Heart Rate & Health
 What is Good Blood Pressure Measure?
Diastolic Pressure
120/80 + or – 10
Systolic Pressure
110-130/70-90
Blood Pressure/Heart Rate & Health
 What if my Blood Pressure is High?
 Your Arteries are too tense (Hypertension)
 This can be as a result of Stress
 This can be a result of clogging or hardening of the
arteries from a poor diet
 Your Heart will have to work harder to move
the same amount of blood
 Remember your arteries are supposed to be elastic
and muscular so they help your heart but when
your blood pressure is high your heart has to do
more work
 This over works your heart wearing it out sooner
Blood Pressure/Heart Rate & Health
 What if my Blood Pressure is Low?
 Hypotension
 Your Arteries are not providing enough tension
 This means not enough blood is moved through your
body (to your brain and other organs)
 This can result in poor performance of these vital organs
 You can become faint easily
 You will have poor circulation
 Always cold
What is your blood pressure?
Blood Pressure/Heart Rate & Health
 What do I need to know about my resting
heart rate?
 Resting Heart Rate measures the hearts efficiency
(Measure of Cardiac Output at rest)
 The lower the Resting HR the better
 This means the heart has a high stroke volume and can
therefore move a lot of blood without much work (Efficient)
 After hard Cardio Work my Heart Rate should return to
resting within 5 minutes of finishing
 Your heart rate should rise quickly as you work hard but
should also return to your resting quickly (Efficient)
 A great Resting HR is <60. Good is 60-80. >80 needs work
What is your Resting Heart Rate?
Blood Supply to the
Muscles
• All muscles contain vessels that branch into a fine
network of tiny vessels called capillaries and venules
• Capillaries- supply oxygen rich blood to the muscles
• Venules- remove deoxygenated blood & waste
– The blood required by contracting muscles at
times can be 100 times greater than at rest
• “Training increases the amount of
capillaries at the muscular level”
Training Increases
Capillaries
• Aerobic and Weight Training increase the
capillary network at the muscular level
• Increased blood flow to the muscle brings
more Oxygen, Energy & Building material
to the muscle
• Increased blood flow away from the muscle
removes more waste products from the
muscle allowing for Quicker Recovery
• This means you will have greater Cardiac
Output (Higher stroke volume)