Chapter 6 - Distribution of Materials
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Transcript Chapter 6 - Distribution of Materials
Distribution of Materials
Outcome 2
Chapter 6
p128-173
Chapter 6 - Distribution of Materials
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Blood - A Transporting Tissue
Blood is the link between
the external environment
and all the cells of the
body.
The blood volume of an
average adult male is
between 5-6 litres.
Blood is made up of cells
suspended in plasma, a
straw coloured liquid.
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Blood - A Transporting Tissue
Chapter 6 - Distribution of Materials
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Blood - A Transporting Tissue
Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes)
Blood appears red in colour due to the red blood
cells.
They contain haemoglobin, an iron rich protein
that combines readily with oxygen.
There is approximately 5.4 million rbc’s per mm3
of blood.
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Blood - A Transporting Tissue
White Blood Cells (leucocytes)
The general function of white blood cells is to
combat infection.
White blood cells are phagocytotic, which means
they ingest bacteria and other foreign materials.
There are about 5000-7000 wbc’s per mm3 of
blood.
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Blood - A Transporting Tissue
Platelets
Blood contains about 250-500 thousand platelets
of per mm3.
If there is damage to blood vessels, platelets
initiate a chain of reactions that results in blood
clotting.
Platelets are also involved in immune responses
such as inflammation.
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Blood - A Transporting Tissue
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Survival Rate of Blood Cells
Mature red blood cells have no nuclei.
The membrane of a rbc breaks down after 120
days.
Dead rbc’s are discarded in the liver and spleen.
The body replaces rbc’s at a rate of 2.5 million per
second.
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Survival Rate of Blood Cells
White blood cells live for varying amounts of
time.
Healthy wbc’s last for a few days.
Wbc’s that fight infection only last for a few
hours.
Platelets only last for about a week.
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Survival Rate of Blood Cells
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Vessels That Carry Blood
Arteries
Arteries are thick-walled vessels that carry
oxygenated blood away from the heart.
Eventually arteries branch into smaller and
smaller arteries.
The smallest arteries are called arterioles and
they enter muscle and tissue to supply oxygen.
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Vessels That Carry Blood
Capillaries
Are microscopic vessels with walls that are one
cell thick.
Nutrients and gases diffuse from the blood into
tissue fluid that surrounds the cells of the body.
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Vessels That Carry Blood
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Vessels That Carry Blood
Veins
Blood moves from the capillaries into venules,
which combine to form larger vessels called
veins.
These vessels return deoxygenated blood back to
the heart.
The pressure of blood in veins is lower than in
arteries. Veins have muscles that surround them
to help push the blood along back to the heart.
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Vessels That Carry Blood
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The Heart
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The Heart
Blood must be continually on the move –
To collect oxygen from the lungs.
To collect nutrients from the intestines.
To transport nutrients and oxygen to all parts of
the body.
To carry carbon dioxide and wastes away to
specialised waste removal organs.
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The Heart
The heart can be thought as two pumps
joined together.
The right side receives deoxygenated blood
from the body and pumps it to the lungs.
The left side receives oxygenated blood from
the lungs and pumps it to the whole body.
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Main Structures of the Heart
Each side of the heart is separated by the
septum.
Each side of the heart has 2 chambers, an
atrium and ventricle. Blood enters the atrium
and exits the ventricle.
Atriums have thin muscle lining, while ventricles
have a thick lining. Why?
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Main Structures of the Heart
The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs
via the pulmonary artery.
Reverse blood flow is restricted by valves –
folds of skin supported by elastic strands.
Tricuspid valve
Bicuspid valve
Semi-Lunar valve
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Main Structures of the Heart
Blood travels back from the lungs to the left
side of the heart via the pulmonary vein.
It is then squeezed out of the left ventricle into
the aorta to be sent to the body.
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The Lymphatic System
As seen earlier, nutrients and oxygen diffuse from
capillaries into tissue fluid between cells.
Some of these substances move back into the
capillaries, most stays in the tissue spaces.
Excess tissue fluid is collected by a special series
of vessels that make up the Lymphatic System.
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The Lymphatic System
Lymph capillaries are small vessels that
transports tissue fluid (lymph) up to subclavian
vein, where it is returned to the bloodstream.
Lymph is strained through lymph nodes where
any bacteria and foreign material are destroyed
and broken down.
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The Lymphatic System
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Breathe or Die
During cellular respiration Energy
Glucose + Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide + Water
The carbon dioxide produced is a waste product and
needs to be removed from the body.
If carbon dioxide is not removed – the life threatening
condition of acidosis begins to develop.
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Breathe or Die
Circulating blood is the vehicle that transports carbon
dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.
In blood, carbon dioxide is transported in three ways:
•
As carbon dioxide dissolved in the plasma (about 8%)
Bound to haemoglobin in red blood cells (about 11%)
As bicarbonate ions in the plasma (81%)
•
•
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The Respiratory System
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The Respiratory System
Breathing In & Out –
What Happens? p146
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The Respiratory System
Structure
Function
•Pharynx
•Larynx
•Epiglottis
•Trachea
•Bronchus
•Bronchioles
•Lungs
•Alveolar
Duct
•Alveoli
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Nitrogenous Waste
When animals metabolise protein – nitrogen
containing compounds are produced as wastes
(fig 13.3).
These compounds must be removed or they will
accumulate to damage tissue and cause death.
The elimination of nitrogenous wastes from an
organism is called excretion.
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Nitrogenous Waste
Different animals excrete different nitrogenous wastes.
Ammonia is toxic to cells and must be diluted and
excreted with lots of water.
Uric Acid is least toxic and requires little water for
excretion.
Urea is the main waste of humans and requires some
water for removal.
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Organs of Excretion
The Skin
An average adult has nearly 2 square metres of skin
containing over 2.5 million sweat glands.
Sweat is a dilute solutions of salts which contains:
Sodium chloride
Low levels of nitrogenous wastes
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Organs of Excretion
The Liver
The liver is responsible for breaking down a number of
substances in the body.
Bilirubin (by-product of dead rbc’s)
Amino groups into ammonia
Drugs and other chemicals
Once broken down the liver sends these substances to
the kidneys for excretion.
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Organs of Excretion
The Lungs
The lungs are internal structures shaped like a
cavity or sac – with many pouches or lobes that
increase the surface area.
Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood to
the lungs where it diffuses into the lungs and is
breathed out.
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The Urinary System
Water concentration in the body must be regulated to
ensure water gains and losses are balanced.
The urinary system plays a significant role in eliminating
nitrogenous wastes from the body.
It does this by:
•
Filtering blood
Removing the wastes
Producing urine
•
•
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The Urinary System
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The Urinary System
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The Kidneys
The kidneys play a major role in stabilising the
internal environment of the body.
The kidneys filter the blood, remove wastes and
produce urine.
The kidneys also excrete hormones, vitamins
and maintain the balance of pH and salts in the
body.
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The Kidneys
Blood enters the kidney via the renal artery and leaves
via the renal vein.
After filtration, wastes products (urine) exit the kidney
via the ureter which is connected to the bladder.
The outer most layer of the kidney is the cortex.
Beyond the cortex is a striated layer called the medulla.
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The Kidneys
The functional unit of the kidney is called a
nephron. Each kidney contains approximately 1
million nephrons.
The renal artery branches into smaller
arterioles and capillaries which are
surrounded by nephrons. These small clusters
of blood vessels are called a glomerus.
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The Kidneys
Waste materials are filtered from the blood in
the glomerus.
High pressure formed in the capillaries
squeezes the plasma out of the blood into the
Bowman’s Capsule in the nephrons.
Substances such as water, glucose, amino
acids, sodium chloride and phosphates are
reabsorbed into the blood via active transport
and diffusion.
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The Kidneys
Urea and some water that isn’t reabsorbed (now
urine), travels through the nephron to a collecting
duct.
The collecting duct rejoins with others to form the
ureter and sends the wastes off to the bladder for
excretion.
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When Kidneys Fail
A build up of waste products is toxic to the body.
If left to build up – death will occur within a few days.
When kidneys fail – an alternative way of removing
wastes must be found.
Three such alternatives include:
•
Kidney Dialysis Machine
Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis
Kidney Transplantation
•
•
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Kidney Dialysis
Using a dialysis machine – blood is passed through a
tube of semi permeable material called dialysis tubing.
The tubing passes through a dialysing fluid which
removes wastes and balances water levels.
Dialysis needs to occur every three days and can take
up to six hours.
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Kidney Dialysis
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Comparing Transport Systems in Animals
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Comparing Excretory Systems in Animals
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Transport in Plants – Vascular Plants
Larger plants such as ferns, pines and flowering
plants are called vascular plants.
Vascular plants require special means for internal
distribution of material.
Such plants have specialised transport tissue
called vascular tissue.
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Transport in plants
The two major components that are
transported in plants are:
Carbohydrates
Water and Dissolved Mineral Ions
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Transport in Plants - Carbohydrates
Only cells containing chloroplasts can
photosynthesise and produce carbohydrate in the
form of sugars.
6H2O + 6CO2
All other cells that don’t photosynthesise rely on a
transport system to transport carbohydrate so
they can survive.
C6H12O6 + 6O2
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Water Balance In Plants
Plants have an extensive root system to obtain
water.
Water enters the roots by osmosis. Ions also
enter the roots via a concentration gradient
(active transport) and ATP is needed for this.
Once in the plant, the water and ions travel
through the cortex and into the xylem tissue in
the middle of the root.
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Water Balance In Plants
The xylem transports water from the roots,
through the stem and into the leaves of the
plant.
The phloem runs parallel with the xylem and
transports sugars and hormones around the
plant.
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