Transcript Pulmonary circulation

CHAPTER
26
The Cardiovascular
System
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26-2
Learning Outcomes (cont.)
26.1 Describe the structures of the heart and
the function of each.
26.2 Explain the cardiac cycle, including the
cardiac conduction system.
26.3 Compare pulmonary and systemic
circulation.
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26-3
Learning Outcomes (cont.)
26.4 Differentiate among the different types
of blood vessels and their functions.
26.5 Explain blood pressure and tell how it is
controlled.
26.6 Describe the causes, signs and
symptoms, and treatments of various
diseases and disorders of the
cardiovascular system.
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26-4
Introduction
•
The cardiovascular system
–
Heart
Blood vessels
–
Sends blood to
–
• Lungs for oxygen
• Digestive system for nutrients
–
Also circulates waste products for removal
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26-5
The Heart
•
Cone-shaped organ
•
Size of a loose fist
•
Slightly left of the midline
•
Bordered by
–
Lungs
–
Sternum and vertebral
column
–
Diaphragm
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26-6
Cardiac Membranes
• Pericardium
–
Covers the heart and large blood vessels
–
Fibrous outer layer
–
Visceral pericardium ~ epicardium
–
Parietal pericardium
• Pericardial sac
• Pericardial cavity – pericardial fluid
Cardiac
Membranes
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26-8
The Heart Wall
• Epicardium
• Myocardium
• Endocardium
– Thin, smooth layer
– Contains part of electrical conduction system
Heart Wall
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26-9
Heart Chambers and Valves
•
Four chambers
– Two atria
– Two ventricles
• Upper chambers
• Interatrial septum
•
•
Lower chambers
Interventricular
septum
– Atrioventricular septum separates the atria
from the ventricles
Click for
View of
Heart
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26-10
Heart Chambers and Valves (cont.)
• Valves between atria and ventricles
– Tricuspid ~ three cusps
– Bicuspid ~ two cusps
• Valves between ventricles and arteries
– Pulmonary semilunar
– Aortic semilunar
Click for
View of
Heart
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26-12
Apply Your Knowledge
Match the following:
ANSWER:
C Tricuspid valve
__
A. Outermost layer of the heart wall
F Bicuspid valve
__
B. Covering of the heart and aorta
H Intraventricular
__
septum
C. Between the right atrium and the right
ventricle
D Ventricles
D. Pump blood into the arteries
B Pericardium
E. Primarily cardiac muscle
A Epicardium
F. Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
E Myocardium
G. Inner most layer of the heart wall
G Endocardium
H. Separates the ventricles
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26-13
Cardiac Cycle
One heart beat = one cardiac cycle
1.Right atrium contracts  tricuspid valve opens
 blood flows into right ventricle
2.Left atrium contracts  bicuspid valve closes
 blood flows into left ventricle
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26-14
Cardiac Cycle (cont.)
3. Right ventricle contracts  tricuspid valve
closes  pulmonary semilunar valve opens 
blood is pushed into pulmonary artery
4. Left ventricle contacts  bicuspid valve closes
 aortic semilunar valve opens  blood is
pushed into aorta
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26-15
Cardiac Cycle (cont.)
• Influenced by
– Exercise
– Parasympathetic nerves
– Sympathetic nerves
– Cardiac control center
– Body temperature
– Potassium ions
– Calcium ions
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26-16
Heart Sounds
• Lubb
– First sound
– Occurs when ventricles contract and the tricuspid and
bicuspid valves snap shut
• Dubb
Click for Heart
Sounds
– Second sound
– Occurs when atria contract and the pulmonary and
aortic valves snap shut
• Murmur – abnormal heart sound
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26-17
Cardiac Conduction System
• Sinoatrial node
– Right atrium
– Natural pacemaker
– Sends impulse to AV node
• Atrioventricular node
– Between atria and just above ventricles
– Sends impulse to the bundle of His
Click for
Conduction System
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26-18
Cardiac Conduction System (cont.)
• Bundle of His
– Between ventricles
– Right and left bundle branches
– Sends impulse to Purkinje fibers
• Purkinje fibers
– Lateral walls of ventricles
– Ventricles contract
Click for
Conduction System
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26-20
Apply Your Knowledge
Match the following:
ANSWER:
C Right ventricle
__
A. Two branches; sends impulse to Purkinje
fibers
F Left ventricle
__
B. Located in the medulla oblongata
__
B Cardiac control
center
C. Contraction pushes blood into the lungs
E SA node
__
D. In the lateral walls of ventricles
A Bundle of His
__
E. Natural pacemaker
__
D Purkinje fibers
F. Contraction sent blood to the aorta
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26-21
Circulation
• Pulmonary circulation
– Oxygenates blood
– Removes carbon dioxide
• Systemic Circulation
– Delivers oxygen and nutrients
– Removes carbon dioxide and waste products
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26-22
Circulation (cont.)
Pulmonary Circulation
Right
Atrium
Tricuspid
Valve
Right
Ventricle
Pulmonary
Semilunar
Valve
Lungs
Body
Aortic
Semilunar
Valve
Left
Ventricle
Bicuspid
Valve
Left
Atrium
Systemic Circulation
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26-23
Apply Your Knowledge
What are the functions of the pulmonary and
systemic circulations?
ANSWER: The pulmonary circulation functions to
oxygenate the blood and remove carbon dioxide. The
systemic circulation delivers oxygen and nutrients to
and removes carbon dioxide and waste products
from the body’s cells.
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26-24
Blood Vessels
• Form a closed
pathway that carries
blood from the heart
to cells and back to
the heart
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26-25
Arteries and Arterioles
•
•
•
Thick muscular wall
Carry blood under
high pressure
Arterioles
• Coronary arteries
– Supply heart muscle
– Coronary sinus
• Pulmonary arteries
– Heart to lungs
– Deoxygenated blood
• Aorta
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26-26
Veins and Venules
• Veins
– Deoxygenated blood
– Skeletal muscle
contractions move blood
– Valves prevent back flow
– Sympathetic nervous
system effect
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26-27
Veins and Venules
• Venules
• Pulmonary veins –
oxygenated blood
• Superior and inferior
vena cava
• Hepatic portal
system
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26-28
Capillaries
• Branches of arterioles
• Connect arterioles to venules
• Exchange vessels
– Oxygen and nutrients
– Carbon dioxide and waste
products
– Water
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26-29
Apply Your Knowledge
Match the following:
B coronary arteries
H arterioles
E veins
G arteries
A capillaries
C vena cavae
D radial artery
F popliteal veins
ARTERIES:
A. exchange vessels
B. supply blood to the heart tissues
C. largest veins in the body
D. supplies the forearm and hand
E. carry blood toward heart
F. drain the knees
G. strongest blood vessels
H. small branches of arteries
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26-30
Blood Pressure
• The force blood exerts on the inner walls
of blood vessels
• Highest in arteries
• Lowest in veins
• Rises and falls as ventricles contract and
relax
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26-31
Blood Pressure
• Systolic pressure
– Systole
– Ventricles contract
– Blood pressure in
arteries greatest
• Diastolic
pressure
– Diastole
– Ventricles relax
– Blood pressure in
arteries lowest
• Pulse
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26-32
Blood Pressure (cont.)
• Factors affecting blood pressure
– Cardiac output
– Blood volume
– Vasoconstriction and vasodilation
– Blood viscosity
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26-33
Blood Pressure (cont.)
• Controlled by the amount of blood pumped
out of the heart
• Starling's law of the heart
– Blood entering the left ventricle stretches its
wall
– The more the wall is stretched the harder it
will contract
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26-34
Blood Pressure (cont.)
• Baroreceptors
– Help regulate blood pressure
– Located in the aorta and carotid arteries
– Send information to cardiac center in the
medulla oblongata
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26-35
Apply Your Knowledge
What is the difference between the systolic
pressure and diastolic pressure?
ANSWER: Systolic pressure is the result of the
contraction of the ventricles increasing the pressure in
the arteries. Diastolic pressure is the result of the
relaxation of the ventricles lowering the pressure in the
arteries.
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26-36
Diseases and Disorders of the
Cardiovascular System
• Chest pain
– Cardiac causes
•
•
•
•
Myocardial infarction
Angina
Pericarditis
Coronary spasm
– Non-cardiac causes
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Heartburn
Panic attacks
Pleurisy
Costochondritis
Pulmonary embolism
Sore muscles
Broken ribs
Take all complaints of
chest pain seriously!
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26-37
Diseases and Disorders of the
Cardiovascular System (cont.)
Disease
Aneurysm
Description
A ballooned, weakened arterial wall
Arrhythmias Abnormal heart rhythms
Inflammation of the innermost lining
Endocarditis
of the heart, including valves
Myocarditis
Inflammation of the muscular layer of
the heart
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26-38
Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular
System (cont.)
Disease
Pericarditis
Description
Inflammation of the membranes that
surround the heart (pericardium)
Congestive Weakening of the heart over time;
heart failure heart is unable to pump enough blood
to meet body’s needs
Coronary
Atherosclerosis; narrowing of
artery
coronary arteries caused by
disease
hardening of the fatty plaque deposits
(CAD)
within them
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26-39
Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular
System (cont.)
Disease
Hypertension
Mitral valve
prolapse
Murmurs
Description
High blood pressure; consistent
resting blood pressure equal to or
greater than 140/90 mm Hg
Valve falls into the left atrium
during systole; prevents proper
closing
Abnormal heart sounds
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26-40
Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular
System (cont.)
Disease
Description
Myocardial
infarction
Heart attack; damage to cardiac
muscle due to a lack of blood
supply
Stenosis of the
The valve does not fully open;
heart valves
aortic stenosis, mitral stenosis
Thrombophlebitis Blood clots and inflammation
develop in a vein
Varicose veins
Twisted, dilated veins
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26-41
Apply Your Knowledge
ANSWER:
True or false:
T A myocardial infarction results from a lack of
oxygen to the cardiac muscle
F Myocarditis is inflammation of the innermost
lining of the heart. Endocarditis
T A potentially fatal arrhythmia is ventricular
fibrillation.
sounds
F Murmurs are abnormal heart rhythms.
Bravo!
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26-42
In Summary
26.1 The structures of the heart include the
pericardium, epicardium, myocardium, and
endocardium.
The chambers of the heart consist of the
upper atria and the lower ventricles.
The septa are the interatrial, interventricular,
and atrioventricular.
The four valves within the heart are the
tricuspid, the bicuspid, the pulmonary
semilunar, and the aortic semilunar valves.
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26-43
In Summary (cont.)
26.2 One cardiac cycle consists of one complete
heartbeat.
The atria contract and relax together, and the
ventricles contract and relax together.
As each chamber contracts, associated
valves open and close to control the flow of
blood through the heart.
Contractions are initiated by the cardiac
conduction system.
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26-44
In Summary (cont.)
26.3 Pulmonary circulation: Right atrium 
tricuspid valve  right ventricle  pulmonary
semilunar valve pulmonary trunk 
pulmonary arteries  lungs pulmonary
veins  left atrium.
Systemic circulation: Left atrium  bicuspid
valve left ventricle  aortic semilunar
valve  aorta  arteries  arterioles 
capillaries  venules  veins  venae
cavae  right atrium.
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26-45
In Summary (cont.)
26.4 Types of blood vessels include arteries and
arterioles, which bring blood from the heart to
the body; capillaries, which act as the
connectors between the arterioles and
venules.
The largest artery in the body is the aorta.
Others arteries are listed in the chapter.
The largest veins in the body are the superior
and inferior venae cavae. Others veins are
listed in the chapter.
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26-46
In Summary (cont.)
26.5 Blood pressure is the force exerted on the
inner wall of blood vessels by blood as it
flows through vessels.
It is highest in arteries and lowest in veins.
Clinically, blood pressure refers to the force
of blood within the arteries.
Blood pressure is largely controlled by the
amount of blood pumped out of the heart, but
various other events also may raise and
lower blood pressure.
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26-47
In Summary (cont.)
26.6 Many different types of cardiac and blood
diseases are described within this chapter.
The signs, symptoms, and treatments are as
varied as the diseases themselves.
The last section of this chapter outlines the
most common of these diseases, their signs
and symptoms, as well as their treatments.
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26-48
End of Chapter 26
Your work is to
discover your
world and then
with all your
heart give
yourself to it.
~ Buddha
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in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.