Transcript Vital sign assessment pulse

VITAL SIGN ASSESSMENT
Homeostasis & Pulse
HOMEOSTASIS
• MAINTAINS A CONSTANT INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT BY
COMPENSATING FOR CHANGES THAT OCCUR IN EITHER THE
INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE BODY
• THE BRAIN MONITORS CONDITIONS IN THE BODY AND STIMULATES
THE APPROPRIATE BODY SYSTEM TO RESPOND TO ANY ADVERSE
CHANGE
• EXAMPLE: IF THE BODY DETECTS LOW OXYGEN IT WILL STIMULATE
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM TO INCREASE THE RESPIRATION RATE UNTIL
THE NECESSARY LEVEL OF OXYGEN IS ACHIEVED
• ILLNESS AND INJURY CAN AFFECT HOMEOSTASIS
VITAL SIGNS & HOMEOSTASTIS
• HOMEOSTASIS IS IMPORTANT BECAUSE THE BODY SYSTEMS
FUNCTION OPTIMALLY WITHIN A NARROW RANGE OF CONDITIONS.
• WHEN ILLNESS OR INJURY OCCUR, THE BODY’S ABILITY TO
MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS IS IMPAIRED
• THIS IS WHY IT IS ESSENTIAL TO UNDERSTAND THE SIGNS OF
NORMAL AND ABNORMAL BODY FUNCTIONS
• VITAL SIGNS ARE USED TO ASSESS THE CONDITIONS OF BODY
SYSTEMS
VITAL SIGNS
• VITAL SIGNS WILL CHANGE AS THE BODY SYSTEMS REACT TO ILLNESS
OR INJURY
•
VITAL SIGNS PARTICULARLY ASSESS THE RESPIRATORY AND
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS
• THE FIVE BASIC VITAL SIGNS ARE:
•
PULSE
•
RESPIRATION
•
BLOOD PRESSURE
•
TEMPERATURE
•
PAIN
PULSE
RAPID WEAK PULSE:
RAPID STRONG PULSE:
•SHOCK
• HEAT STROKE
•BLEEDING
• SEVERE FRIGHT
•DIABETIC COMA
•HEAT EXHAUSTION
• PAIN
PULSE
STRONG SLOW PULSE:
NO PULSE:
•SKULL FRACTURE
•CARDIAC ARREST
•STROKE
•DEATH
PULSE
• THE AVERAGE PULSE RATE FOR AN ADULT IS 70 TO 80 BPM.
• THE MORE FIT AN INDIVIDUAL IS (ATHLETE) THE LOWER THE PULSE WILL
BE.
• ELITE ATHLETES MAY HAVE A PULSE AS LOW AS 38 TO 40 BPM.
 THIS IS BECAUSE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY STRENGTHENS THE HEART
(CARDIAC) MUSCLE AND PUMPS MORE BLOOD AT ONE TIME. THIS
ALLOWS THE HEART TO BEAT FEWER TIMES PER MINUTE WHILE STILL
SUPPLYING THE NECESSARY AMOUNT OF OXYGEN TO THE TISSUE
AND CELLS OF THE BODY. THE SYSTEM BECOMES MORE EFFICIENT.
 THE STRENGTHENING OF THE CARDIAC MUSCLE MAY CAUSE
BRADYCARDIA (HEART BEATS LESS THAN 60 BPM) IN AN ATHLETE.
• WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BRADYCARDIA AND
TACHYCARDIA?
PULSE
BRADYCARDIA IN AN ATHLETE (ESPECIALLY ELITE ATHLETES) IS A NORMAL CONDITION
BECAUSE THE CARDIO-RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS ARE STRONG AND EFFICIENT.
WHAT ARE SOME CONDITIONS THAT EXHIBIT BRADYCARDIA, BUT ARE NOT
SIGNS OF A HEALTHY INDIVIDUAL?
•
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE (ATHROSCLEROSIS OR ARTERIOSCLEROSIS)
•
HEART ATTACK
•
ENDOCARDITIS (INFLAMMATION OF THE HEART LINING AND/OR VALVES; CAUSED BY A BACTERIAL INFECTION)
•
MYOCARDITIS (INFLAMMATION OF THE CARDIAC MUSCLE; CAUSED BY A VIRAL INFECTION)
•
AGING
•
HYPOTHYROIDISM (SLOWS THE ELECTRICAL IMPULSES OF THE HEART MUSCLE)
•
ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE (ESPECIALLY TOO MUCH POTASSIUM)
•
HEART MEDICATIONS (BETA-BLOCKERS USED TO CONTROL CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS AND REDUCE BLOOD PRESSURE)
PULSE
MOST COMMON PULSE SITES ON THE BODY:
• RADIAL ARTERY
• CAROTID ARTERY
OTHER PULSE SITES ON THE BODY:
• TEMPORAL ARTERY: GENERALLY NOT USED
• BRACHIAL ARTERY: USED WHEN TAKING BLOOD PRESSURE
• FEMORAL ARTERY: USED TO CHECK LEG CIRCULATION
• POPLITEAL ARTERY: USED TO CHECK LOWER LEG CIRCULATION
• DORSALIS PEDIS ARTERY: USED TO CHECK FOOT CIRCULATION
PULSE POINTS
TEMPORAL ARTERY
COROTID ARTERY
BRACHIAL ARTERY
RADIAL ARTERY
FEMORAL ARTERY
POPLITEAL ARTERY
DORSALIS PEDIS ARTERY
PULSE
WHY CAN A PULSE ONLY BE FELT IN AN
ARTERY?
•AS THE HEART BEATS, BLOOD FLOWS THROUGH THE
VESSELS IN WAVES, CAUSING A RHYTHMIC THROBBING IN
THE ARTERIES
•AS BLOOD PASSES TO THE ARTERIOLES AND CAPILLARIES
THE FLOW OF THE FLUID DECREASES AND THE THROBBING
DISSIPATES.
PULSE
PROPER HYDRATION IS EXTREMELY IMPORTANT FOR AN ATHLETE!
WHY DOES BEING DEHYDRATED INCREASE AN ATHLETES PULSE
(HEART) RATE?
•A HIGH PERCENTAGE OF THE BODY’S FLUID IS FOUND IN THE
BLOOD
•AS FLUID LEVELS GO DOWN THE VOLUME OF BLOOD
DECREASES
•IN ORDER TO CIRCULATE THE NECESSARY AMOUNT OF
NUTRIENTS THE HEART MUST WORK HARDER
•THE HEART WORKS HARDER BY WORKING FASTER, INCREASING
THE ATHLETE’S PULSE RATE