Transcript Congenital And Rheumatic Heart Disease

Cardiovascular
Disease
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation
prepared by
Michael Hall
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Total Cardiovascular Disease Rates- M vs. F
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Figure 15.1a
An Epidemiological Overview
 Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of
death in the U.S.
 In 2014 CVD accounted for approximately 40% of all
deaths
 CVD has been the #1 killer in the U.S. since 1900
except for 1918 (influenza)
 More that 2,500 Americans die from CVD each day
 Among women, 1 in 2.6 deaths from CVD
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Prevalence of Cardiovascular Diseases in
American Men and Women, Ages 20 and Older
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Figure 15.2
Types Of Cardiovascular Disease
 Atherosclerosis (plaque in arteries)
 Coronary heart disease (CHD)
 Chest pain (angina pectoris)
 Irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia)
 Congestive heart failure (CHF)
 Congenital and rheumatic heart disease
 Stroke
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Percentage Breakdown of Deaths
from CVD in the USA
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Figure 15.5
Artherosclerosis
 Characterized by deposits of fatty substances,
cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium, and
fibrin in the inner lining of the artery
 Hyperlipidemia – abnormally high blood lipid level
 Plaque – the buildup of deposits in the arteries
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Coronary Heart Disease
 Myocardial Infarction (MI) / heart attack
• blood supplying the heart is disrupted
 Coronary thrombosis
• blood clot in the artery
 Embolus
• blood clot is dislodged and moves
through the circulatory system
 Collateral circulation
• if blockage to the heart is minor, an
alternative blood flow is selected
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In this illustration, a
clot is shown in the
location of #1. Area #2
shows the portion of
the damaged heart that
is affected by the clot.
Angina Pectoris
 Ischemia – reduction of the heart’s blood and oxygen
supply
 The more serious the oxygen deprivation the more
severe the pain
 Nitroglycerin – drug used to relax (dilate) the veins
 Beta blockers control potential overactivity of the
heart muscle
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Arrythmias
 An irregularity in heart rhythm
 Tachycardia – racing heart in the absence of exercise
or anxiety
 Bradycardia – abnormally slow heartbeat
 Fibrillation – heart beat is sporadic, quivering pattern
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Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
 Damaged or overworked heart muscle is unable to
keep blood circulating normally
 Affects over 5 million Americans
 Damage to heart muscle may result from: rheumatic
fever, pneumonia, heart attack, or other cardiovascular
problem
 Lack of proper circulation may allow blood to
accumulate in the vessels of the legs, ankles, or lungs
 Diuretics relieve fluid accumulation
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Congenital And Rheumatic Heart Disease
 Congenital heart disease affects 1 out of 125 children
born
 May be due to hereditary factors, maternal diseases,
or chemical intake (alcohol) during fetal development
 Rheumatic heart disease results from rheumatic fever
which affects connective tissue
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Stroke
 Occurs when the blood supply to the brain is
interrupted
 Thrombus – blood clot
 Embolus – free flowing clot
 Aneurysm – bulging or burst blood vessel
 Transient ischemic attack (TIA) – brief interruptions
that cause temporary impairment
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Common Blood Vessel Disorders
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Figure 15.6
Reducing Your Risk For Cardiovascular Diseases
 Risks you can control
• Avoid tobacco
• Cut back on saturated fat and cholesterol
• Maintain a healthy weight
• Modify dietary habits
• Exercise regularly
• Control diabetes
• Control blood pressure
• Systolic – upper number
• Diastolic – lower number
• Manage stress
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Reducing Your Risk For Cardiovascular Diseases
 Risks you cannot control
• Heredity
• Age
• Gender
• Race
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Angioplasty Versus Bypass Surgery
 Angioplasty – a thin catheter is
threaded through the blocked
arteries. The catheter has a
balloon on the tip which is
inflated to flatten the fatty
deposits against the wall of the
artery
 Coronary bypass surgery – a
blood vessel is taken from
another site and implanted to
bypass blocked arteries and
transport blood
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Live heart to be transplanted into patient
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Heart Transplant
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The surgeon will begin by exposing the chest cavity through a
cut in the ribcage. The surgeon will then open the pericardium (a
membrane that covers the entire heart) in order to remove your
diseased heart. The back part of your own left atrium will be left
in place, but the rest of the heart will be removed.
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Your new heart will be carefully trimmed and sewn to fit the
remaining parts of your old heart. This transplant method is
called an "Orthotopic procedure". This is the most common
method used to transplant hearts.
You will be given medications both before and during the operation
toCopyright
prevent
you from rejecting the new heart.
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Anatomy of the Heart
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Figure 15.4