Transcript Document

I. GENERAL
A. Primary Function
pump blood through the body
B. Normal functional capacity of
the heart:
~100,000 heartbeats/day
~2,760,000,000 heartbeats/lifetime
~4,000 gallons (15,000 liters) blood
pumped/day
II. Cardiac Anatomy
A. Location
in the
mediastinum of
thoracic cavity
between lungs
II. Cardiac Anatomy
B.
Pericardium
1. a double-walled fibrous sac
encloses the heart and roots
of the great vessels.
II. Cardiac Anatomy
B.
Pericardium
2. functions to maintain the
- position of the heart
- protect it from overfilling
II. Cardiac Anatomy
C.
Pericardium
3. Layers
3. Layers
a. fibrous pericardium

resembles a bag

prevents over distension
of the heart

protects

anchors heart to the
mediastinum
3. Layers
b. serous pericardium


thinner inner layer
a smooth inner sac
with lubricated surfaces
which allow movement
 2 layers
»parietal layer
»visceral layer
(aka epicardium)
3. Layers
parietal layer
• lines the inner surface of the fibrous
pericardium
visceral layer (aka epicardium)
• covers the entire surface of the
heart
• attached to the myocardium
• contains pericardial fluid that
lubricates the pericardial cavity,
allowing freedom of movement
Layers of the the Pericardium
B. Pericardium
4. Pericardial Cavity
space between the
parietal and visceral
layers of
the
serous
pericardium
II. Cardiac Anatomy
B.
Pericardium
5. Pericarditis
inflammation of the
pericardium
II. Cardiac Anatomy
B.
Pericardium
6. cardiac tamponade
build up pericardial fluid
bleeding into the
pericardial cavity
may result in cardiac
failure
C. Heart Wall
C. Heart Wall
1.
Epicardium
visceral layer of
pericardium
fused to the
myocardium
thin, transparent,
smooth, slippery
function - protective
C. Heart Wall
2.
Myocardium
bulk of heart
muscular
involuntary
striated,
branched
cells
cells have
intercalated
discs
C. Heart Wall
2.
Endocardium
endothelium
connective t.
smooth
lines
heart and
valves
C. Heart Wall
2.
Endocardium
coninuous w/
vascular
endothel.
II. Cardiac
Anatomy
C. External
Note the
coronary sulcus
and
interventricular
sulcus
II. Cardiac Anatomy
III. Internal Cardiac Anatomy
A. Atria
1. smaller, thin
walled upper
chambers
2. interatrial
septum
which
exhibits fossa
ovalis
(embryonic
foramen ovale)
III. Internal Cardiac Anatomy
B. Ventricles
1. lower, thickwalled
2. pump blood
out of the
heart
3. separated by
the
interventricular
septum
III. Internal Cardiac Anatomy
C. A-V Valves
1. tricuspid valve
Location
chordae
tendoneae
papillary
muscles
III. Internal Cardiac Anatomy
C. A-V Valves
2. Bicuspid valve
Mitral valve
Location
Same
attachment
Tricuspid Valve
III. Internal Cardiac Anatomy
D.Semilunar valve
1.
half moon
shaped
2.
pulmonary
semilunar
3.
aortic
semilunar
Semilunar Valve
III. Internal Cardiac Anatomy
E. Valve Disorders
1. Diseases caused by
a. rheumatic fever
b. birth defect
c. damage to the
papillary muscle
d. Aging
III. Internal Cardiac Anatomy
E. Valve Disorders
2. When a valve becomes
diseased
they become stenosed
or they don’t close
completely
3. Causes
shortness of breath
chest pain
tiredness
IV. Major Vessels of the Heart
A. Arteries Vs Veins
1. Arteries
carry blood away
blood under great
pressure; flows in
spurts
have thick, elastic,
muscular walls
lack valves
most carry
oxygenated blood
IV. Major Vessels of the Heart
A. Arteries Vs Veins
2. Veins
carry toward heart
blood under low
pressure; flows
slowly
have thin, slightly
muscular walls
have valves
most carry
deoxygenated bld
IV. Major Vessels of the Heart
B. The Great Vessels
IV. Major Vessels of the Heart
C. Coronary vessels
IV. Major Vessels of the Heart
D. Veins of the heart
IV. Major Vessels of the Heart
Coronary Sinus
Blood from the cardiac veins
empties into the coronary
sinus, which then empties into
the right atrium
IV. Major
Vessels of the
Heart
E. Coronary Artery
Disease
any abnormal
condition of
the coronary
arteries that
interferes with
the delivery of
an adequate
supply of
blood to the
heart muscle.
IV. Major
Vessels of the
Heart
E. Coronary Artery
Disease
1. Arteriosclerosis
arteries
narrowed due
to a build-up of
fat, cholesterol
and calcium
+95 % of c.a.
disease
IV. Major Vessels of the Heart
E. Coronary Artery Disease
2. angina pectoris
a painful, tightening,
pressure or fullness in the
chest
results when heart muscle
does not receive
adequate oxygen
IV. Major
Vessels of
the Heart
E. Coronary Artery
Disease
2. myocardial
infarction
heart attack
results from
total
occlusion of
a coronary
artery
V. Blood
Flow
Through
the
Heart
A. Adult
V. Blood Flow Through the
Heart
B. Fetus
1. Maternal blood supplies the
fetus with O2 and nutrients
and carries away its wastes.
V. Blood Flow Through the
Heart
B. Fetus
2. Adaptations of fetal blood and
vascular system.
fetal hemoglobin
concentration about 50%
greater than in maternal blood.
Fetal hemoglobin is slightly
different chemically and can
carry 20-30% more O2 than
maternal hemoglobin
VII. ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTION SYSTEM
A. Sinoatrial Node
(SA node)
1. Location:
in right atrial
myocardium
2. Function:
pacemaker
VII. ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTION SYSTEM
A. Sinoatrial Node
3. regulated by
autonomic n. s.
4. causes the atria to
contract
VII. ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTION SYSTEM
B. Atrioventricular
node (AV node)
1. Location:
below SA node
2. Function:
causes
ventricles to
contract
VII. ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTION SYSTEM
B. Atrioventricular
node (AV node)
3. Controlled by
autonomic n.s.
VII. ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTION SYSTEM
C.AV bundle
(bundle of
His)
carries the
impulse from
the AV node
VII. ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTION SYSTEM
C.Conduction
fibers
(Purkinje
fibers)
not nerves
modified
cardiac mscle
carries the impulse into the ventricles
Altogether
Now
VIII. ELECTROCARIOGRAM
A.Basic ECG waves
1. P wave generated by
the firing of the
SA node
representing
the impulse
across the atria
to the A/V Node
VIII. ELECTROCARIOGRAM
A. Basic ECG
waves
2. QRS complex
representing
the impulse as
it travels
across the
ventricles
VIII. ELECTROCARIOGRAM
A. Basic ECG
waves
3. T wave –
representing
the
repolarization
of the
ventricles
IX. Cardiac Cycle (heart beat)
A. Auscultation
1.characteristic
"lub-dup"
2. caused by
vibrations
caused by
closing valves
IX. Cardiac Cycle (heart beat)
A. Auscultation
2. closing valves
a. Lubb
A-V valves
b. Dub
Semi-lunar
valves
IX. Cardiac Cycle (heart beat)
B. Basic
Terminology
1. Systole
ventricular
contraction
atria relax
IX. Cardiac Cycle (heart beat)
B. Basic
Terminology
2. Diasystole
atrial
contraction
ventricles
relax
IX. Cardiac Cycle (heart beat)
B. Basic
Terminology
4. tachycardia
(higher than
normal HR)
5. bradycardia
(lower than
normal HR)