Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump (IABP)
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Transcript Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump (IABP)
Intra-aortic Balloon Pump
(IABP)
By David Kloda
History
Realization that coronary perfusion mainly
occurs during diastole -1950s
Aspiration of arterial blood during systole
with reinfusion during diastole decreased
cardiac work without compromising
coronary perfusion – Harkin-1960s
Intravascular volume displacement with
latex balloons - early 1960s
Background
Preload
Afterload
Coronary flow
Myocardial oxygen consumption in the
heart is determined by:
– Pulse rate
– Transmural wall stress
– Intrinsic contractile properties
Myocardial Oxygen
Consumption
Has a linear relationship to:
– Systolic wall stress
– Intraventricular pressure
– Afterload
– End diastolic volume
– Wall thickness
Indications for IABP
Cardiac failure after a cardiac surgical
procedure
Refractory angina despite maximal medical
management
Perioperative treatment of complications
due to myocardial infarction
Failed PTCA
As a bridge to cardiac transplantation
IABP in Myocardial Infarction
and Cardiogenic Shock
Improves diastolic flow velocities after
angioplasty
Allows for additional intervention to be
done more safely
IABP During or After Cardiac
Surgery
Patients who have sustained ventricular
damage preoperatively and experience
harmful additional ischemia during surgery
Some patients begin with relatively normal
cardiac function an experienced severe, but
reversible, myocardial stunning during the
operation
IABP As a Bridge to Cardiac
Transplantation
15 to 30 % of endstage cardiomyopathy
patients awaiting transplantation need
mechanical support
May decrease the need for more invasive
LVAD support
Other Indications for IABP
Prophylactic use prior to cardiac surgery in
patients with:
– Left main disease
– Unstable angina
– Poor left ventricular function
– Severe aortic stenosis
Contraindications to IABP
Severe aortic insufficiency
Aortic aneurysm
Insertion Techniques
Percutaneous
– sheath less
Surgical insertion
Positioning
The end of the balloon should be just distal
to the takeoff of the left subclavian artery
Position should be confirmed by
fluoroscopy or chest x-ray
Timing of Counterpulsation
Electrocardiographic
Arterial pressure tracing
Weaning of IABP
Decreasing inotropic support
Decreasing pump ratio
Complications
Limb ischemia
– Thrombosis
– Emboli
Bleeding and insertion site
– Groin hematomas
Aortic perforation and/or dissection
Renal failure and bowel ischemia
Neurologic complications including paraplegia
Heparin induced thrombocytopenia
Infection
IABP Removal
Discontinue heparin six hours prior
Check platelets and coagulation factors
Deflate the balloon
Apply manual pressure above and below IABP
insertion site
Remove and alternate pressure to expel any clots
Apply constant pressure to the insertion site for a
minimum of 30 minutes
Check distal pulses frequently
Cardiopulmonary Bypass
The heart lung machine
The pump
The bypass machine
History
Concept of diverting the circulation to an
extracorporeal oxygenator – 1885
Mechanical pump oxygenators – 1953
Controlled cross circulation – 1954
First series of intracardiac operations using
a pump oxygenator – 1955
The Apparatus
Pumps
– Simple roller pump
– Centrifugal pump
Venous reservoir
Oxygenator
Heat exchanger
Other
Venous Reservoir
Siphons blood by gravity
Provide storage of excess volume
Allows escape of any air bubbles returning
with the venous blood
Oxygenator
Provides oxygen to the blood
Removes carbon dioxide
Several types
– Bubble oxygenator
– Membrane oxygenator
– Microporous hollow-fiber oxygenators
Heat Exchanger
Also called the heater / cooler
Controls perfusate temperature
– Warm and cold
Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Heparinization
Total bypass
Partial bypass
Flowrates 2-2.5 l/min. per square meter
– Flowrates depend on body size
– Flowrates depend on cannula sizes
Hypothermia
Shed Blood
Is aspirated with a suctioning apparatus,
filtered and return to the oxygenator
A cell saving device may also be utilized
during and after bypass
Blood Pressure
Decreases sharply with onset of bypass
(vasodilatation)
Mean arterial pressure needs to the above
50-60 mm Hg.
After 30 minutes perfusion pressure usually
increases (vasoconstriction)
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
Tensions
Concentrations are periodically measured in
both arterial and venous lines
Arterial oxygen tension should be above
100 mm Hg
Arterial carbon dioxide tensions should be
30-35 mm Hg
A drop in venous oxygen saturation
suggests underperfusion
Myocardial Protection
Cold hyperkalemic solutions
– Produces myocardial quiescence
– Decreases metabolic rate
– Provides protection for 2-3 hours
– Blood vs. crystalloid
Termination of Perfusion
Systemic rewarming
Flowrates are decreased
Hemodynamic parameters
Venous line clamping
Pharmacologic support
Neutralization of heparin
Complications of CardioPulmonary Bypass
– Post perfusion syndrome
– Duration of bypass
– Age
– Anemia
– Other