Low Cardiac Output
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Transcript Low Cardiac Output
Pediatric Cardiology
Emergencies
Esmail Redha,MD,FAAP
Consultant Pediatric Cardiologist
Age specific
Emergencies:
Newborn Emergencies
Infant & Childhood Emergencies
Newborn Problems
Cyanosis
Low Cardiac Output
Newborn Problems Cyanosis
Cardiac Cyanosis
Does
not respond to oxygen
Does not respond to ventilation
Usually no respiratory distress
Newborn Problems Cyanosis
Evaluation
Chest
x-ray
Arterial blood gasses(Hyperoxytest)
Echocardiogram : Obstructive
Lesion/Abnormal Circulation
Newborn Problems Cyanosis
Right sided obstructive lesions
Pulmonary
atresia
Tricuspid atresia
Tetralogy of Fallot
Tricuspid Atresia
Newborn Problems Cyanosis
Abnormal Circulations
Transposition
of the great arteries
Total anomalous pulmonary venous
return
Transposition of the
Great Arteries
TAPVR
Newborn Problems Cyanosis
Treatment
PGE1
Restoration
of acid/base balance
Surgical Evaluation
Newborn Problems Cyanosis
PGE1
0.05-0.1
mcg/kg/min starting dose
Any intravenous site
UAC
UVC
Peripheral
Interosseous
Newborn Problems:
Low Cardiac Output
Shock
Metabolic
acidosis
Circulatory shutdown
Newborn Problems
Low Cardiac Output
Evaluation
Chest
x-ray
Arterial blood gasses
Echocardiogram
Electrocardiogram
Newborn Problems
Low Cardiac Output
Left Sided Obstructive lesions
Hypoplastic
left heart
Critical aortic stenosis
Critical coarctation of the aorta
Hypoplastic Left Heart
Severe Coarctation
Ductal-Dependent
Lesion
Without a PDA there is no
blood flow to the abdomen
and lower extremities.
(Blue blood is better than no
blood.)
Newborn Problems:
Low Cardiac Output
Muscle diseases
Myocarditis
Cardiomyopathies
Sepsis
Asphyxia
Newborn Problems :
Low Cardiac Output
Heart Rate Problems
Supraventricular
tachycardias
Complete heart block
Newborn Problems
Low Cardiac Output
Supraventricular Tachycardia
Narrow Complex
Heart Rate > 220 bpm
Usually > 240 bpm
Narrow Complex
Tachycardia
Newborn Problems
Low Cardiac Output
Complete Heart Block
Heart rate below 60 bpm
No relationship between P waves and
QRS’s
Complete Heart Block
Newborn Problems
Treatment
Left heart obstructive lesions
Muscle diseases
Heart rate problems
PGE1
Inotropic support , afterload reduction &
Diuretics.
Slow down or speed up
Infant and Childhood
Problems:
Hypercyanotic spells
Congestive heart failure
Arrhythmias
Infant and Childhood
Problems
Hypercyanotic Spells
Tetralogy of Fallot
Pulmonary Atresia
Tetralogy of Fallot
Infant and Childhood
Problems
Hypercyanotic Spells
Sudden decrease in pulmonary blood flow,
usually in the morning
Provocation
Raised apex
Hypercyanotic Spells
Treatment
Calming
Oxygen
Morphine
Positioning
Beta
Blocker
Phenylepherine
Hypercyanotic Spells
Phenylepherine
Increase systemic vascular resistance
which leads to less R - > L shunting and
improved saturation
Hypercyanotic Spells
Long Term Treatment with Propranolol
Indication for surgery, either palliative
shunt or total repair
Congestive Heart
Failure
Differing etiology at different ages
Congestive Heart
Failure
Presentation in Infancy
Structural Diseases: Left Heart
Obstructions
First days: Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
Critical aortic stenosis
First month: Coarctation of the aorta
First 2 months: Left-to-right Shunts
VSD, PDA, Truncus Arteriosus
Congestive Heart
Failure
Presentation after infancy
Progression of structural heart disease
Arrhythmias
Infectious diseases
Later onset myopathies
Toxins:
Anthracyclines
Diphtheria
Congestive Heart
Failure
Pre-load
Contractility
Determinants of Cardiac Output
Afterload
Heart Rate
Heart Failure
Sympathetic Tone
HR & coronary
vasoconstriction
Myocardial
blood flow
Arterial &
Renin &
venous
+
angiotension constriction
Ventricular preload
& afterload
Worsening heart failure
CHF Management
Sites of action of drugs used to treat heart failure:
Congestive Heart
Failure
Preload reduction
Diuretics
Fluid Restriction
High caloric density
Congestive Heart
Failure
Afterload reduction
ACE inhibitors
Nitroprusside
Congestive Heart
Failure
Heart Rate modification
Beta Blockers(eg.:Carvedilol)
Also treats diastolic dysfunction & remodeling
Contractility
Acute Treatment
Beta Agonists
Dobutamine
Afterload reduction also
Epinepherine
Dopamine
Increased myocardial demands
Milrinone(makes wonders)
Contractility
Milrinone increases contractility and
reduces afterload without increasing
myocardial oxygen demand
Contractility
Chronic Treatment
Digoxin
New Treatments: Biventricular Pacing,
Assist Device.
Arrhythmias
Narrow Complex Tachycardias
Arrhythmias
Supraventricular Tachycardia
Arrhythmias
Re-entrant Tachycardias
AV node re-entry
Wolff-Parkinson-White
Wolff-Parkinson White
Wolff-Parkinson White S
(WPW)
1. Short PR interval.
2. Delta wave (initial slurring of the
QRS complex).
3. Wide QRS duration.
Arrhythmias
Treatment
Pre-hospitalization
Diving reflex
Ice Bag to the face
Valsalva
Carotid Massage(no longer recommended)
Arrhythmias
Hospitalization
Adenosine
Diagnostic and therapeutic
Arrhythmias
Adenosine
100 mcg/kg IV rapid push
Repeat every 5 minutes with increasing
doses
Arrhythmias
Shock requires Shock
Synchronized cardioversion
1 joule/kg
Arrhythmias
Digoxin Loading
Beta Blocker
Calcium Channel Blocker(not indicated in
infants).
Felcainide
Amiodarone
Procainamide loading
Repeat adenosine
Image 3
Wide QRS Tachycardia
Ventricular arrhythmias
Common cause of sudden death in
repaired congenital heart disease and
acquired pediatric heart disease and
cardiomyopathy
0.001% annual risk in general pediatric
population
1-3% annual risk in many repaired CHD
4-6% risk in HCM
25-30% risk in dilated cardiomyopathy
Final common pathway for cardiac arrest
From Cardiac Arrhythmias in Children and Young Adults with Congenital Heart Disease. Walsh, et al.
(2001).in many conditions
This pt.C/O recurrent fainting attacks
Remember:
Prolonged QT
interval
Ventricular tachycardia
Differential diagnosis
Ventricular tachycardia
Supraventricular rhythm with aberrant
conduction
Rate related
Permanent bundle branch block
Preexcited rhythm
Supraventricular rhythm with preexcitation
Antidromic tachycardia
Two-pathway tachycardia
Paced rhythm
Treatment depends on appropriate
Wide Complex
Tachycardias
Treat all as if Ventricular Tachycardia
Wide Complex
Tachycardias
Unstable rhythm requires Cardioversion
2 joules/kg(shock requires shock).
Image 4
Ventricular Fibrillation
Ventricular tachycardia
Treatment
Address treatable causes
Electrolytes
Acidosis
Pharmacotherapy
Class Ib – lidocaine
Class III – amiodarone
Electrical therapy
Cardioversion
Implantable defibrillator
Wide Complex
Tachycardias
Surgical Therapy
Automatic Implantable CardioverterDefibrillator
Remember:
1- Sinus tachycardia
2- Supraventricular tachycardia
3- Ventricular tachycardia
4- Atrial flutter
5- Atrial fibrillation
Ventricular fibrillation
‘nuff said
Automated External
Defibrilator
Step I
Step II
Step III
Step IV
Step VI
Messages to Take
Neonatal Screening: Upper & Lower
Extremities O2 Sat. check.
Don’t Panic with Arrhythmias: Shock
when in Shock.
Introduce Autamated External
Defibrilator.
THANK YOU
If you woke up this morning with more
health than illness ...
You are more blessed
than the million who will
not survive this week.