Transcript ABO Blood typing and transfusions

Cardiovascular Problems
Chapter 11
External Heart Anatomy
Left and right
coronary arteries –
delivers oxygen to
the heart muscle
Ischemia


inadequate flow of blood to a part of the
body
caused by constriction or blockage of the
blood vessels supplying it
Hypoxia

where the whole body or a region of the
body is deprived of adequate oxygen
supply
Clubbing- The tips of
the fingers enlarge
and the nails become
extremely curved
from front to back
due chronic lack of
oxygen.
Causes of reduced blood flow


blood clots -blood
thickens and form
a clot of blood cells
can moves through
blood vessels and
block arteries
leading to organs
Causes of reduced blood
flow


Atherosclerotic
Plaques – causes a
deposit of fat and
other substances
that accumulate in
the lining of the
artery wall.
Narrowing of
vessel prevents
blood flow
Angina Pectoris



medical term for chest pain or discomfort
due to coronary heart disease.
associated with uncomfortable pressure,
fullness, squeezing or pain in the center of
the chest. The discomfort also may be felt
in the neck, jaw, shoulder, back or arm.
caused by lack of oxygen from reduced
blood flow.
“Feels like a heart attack”
Angina Pectoris
Myocardial Infarction


HEART ATTACK
a heart attack is the death of heart muscle
from the sudden blockage of a coronary
artery by a blood clot
Heart Murmurs



a heart murmur is an extra
or unusual sound heard
during a heartbeat.
two types of heart
murmurs: innocent
(harmless) and abnormal.
Abnormal murmurs usually
occurs because of a problem
with one of the heart valves
not closing properly
“I have a heart
murmur!”
Causes of Heart Murmurs

Mitral Stenosis - a narrowing of the mitral
valve opening that increases resistance to
blood flow from the left atrium to the left
ventricle.
Causes of Heart Murmurs


Mitral Insufficiency incomplete closure of
the mitral value which
causes backflow of
blood from the left
ventricle to the left
atrium of the heart.
Also called mitral valve
regurgitation
Arrhythimia


arrhythimia is a term used to
describe an abnormal electrical
activity in the heart.
“An irregular rhythm of the heart.”
Types of arrhythimias:
• heart block
• atrial flutter
• atrial fibrilation
• ventricular fibrillation
Heart Block – one arrhythimia



the signal from the heart's upper to
lower chambers is slowed or doesn't
transmit all.
This is "heart block" or "AV block."
This does not mean that the blood
flow or blood vessels are blocked.
Can be mild and unnoticeable or
extreme which can cause death since
ventricles never receive signal to
contract
Atrial Flutter – another arrhythimia



Atrial flutter occurs when electrical
impulses take an abnormal path
through the atria
Causes atria to contract faster
resulting in less blood for the
ventricles to pump out during every
beat.
The heart beats in a regular rhythm,
but it beats rapidly.
Atrial Fibrillation –
another arrhythimia


the atria ‘quiver’ instead of beating
effectively. Blood isn't pumped
completely out of them, so it may
pool and clot.
If a piece of a blood clot in the atria
leaves the heart and becomes lodged
in an artery in the brain, a stroke
results.
Ventricular Fibrillation –
the last arrhythimia

Ventricular fibrillation is a series of very
rapid, ineffective contractions of the
ventricles caused by many chaotic electrical
impulses.
Tachycardia vs. Bradycardia


Tachycardia – fast heart rate
Bradycardia – slow heart rate
Regular beat
Slow beat
Fast beat
Congestive Heart Failure



Congestive heart failure occurs when
the heart can't pump enough blood
to the body's other organs.
The "failing" heart keeps working but
not as efficiently as it should
As blood flow out of the heart slows,
blood returning to the heart through
the veins backs up, causing
congestion in the tissues
So, how healthy is your heart?