Transcript The number of transistors per square inch in an IC doubles every year

ECE 3110: Introduction to Digital
Systems
Number Systems
Previous class Summary
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Electronics/sw aspects of digital design
Integrated Circuits
(wafer,die,SSI,MSI,LSI,VLSI)
PLDs: PLAs,PALs,CPLD,FPGA
ASIC
Digital Design Levels
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Many representations of digital logic
Device Physics and IC manufacturing
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Moore’s Law [1965, Gordon Moore]:
The number of transistors per square
inch in an IC doubles every year
[18months].
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Transistor level --->Logic design,
functional building blocks
Digital Design Levels
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Transistor-level circuit diagrams
Example: Multiplexor
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Truth tables
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Gate-level Logic diagrams
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Prepackaged building blocks, e.g. multiplexer
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Equations: Z = S A + S  B
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Various
hardware
description
languages
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ABEL
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VHDL
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Binary Representation
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The basis of all digital data is binary representation.
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Binary - means ‘two’
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1, 0
True, False
Hot, Cold
On, Off
We must be able to handle more than just values
for real world problems
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1, 0, 56
True, False, Maybe
Hot, Cold, LukeWarm, Cool
On, Off, Leaky
Number Systems
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To talk about binary data, we must first
talk about number systems
The decimal number system (base 10)
you should be familiar with!
Positional number system
Positional Notation
Value of number is determined by multiplying
each digit by a weight and then summing. The
weight of each digit is a POWER of the BASE
and is determined by position.
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The decimal number system (base 10) you
should be familiar with!
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A digit in base 10 ranges from 0 to 9.
A digit in base 2 ranges from 0 to 1 (binary
number system). A digit in base 2 is also called a
‘bit’.
A digit in base R can range from 0 to R-1
A digit in Base 16 can range from 0 to 16-1
(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F). Use letters A-F
to represent values 10 to 15. Base 16 is also
called Hexadecimal or just ‘Hex’.
Base 10, Base 2, Base 16
953.7810 = 9 x 102 + 5 x 101 + 3 x 100 + 7 x 10-1 + 8 x 10-2
= 900 + 50 + 3 + .7 + .08 = 953.78
1011.112 = 1x23 + 0x22 + 1x21 + 1x20 + 1x2-1 + 1x2-2
= 8
+ 0 + 2 + 1 + 0.5 + 0.25
= 11.75
A2F16 = 10x162 + 2x161 + 15x160
= 10 x 256
+ 2 x 16 + 15 x 1
= 2560 + 32 + 15 = 2607
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Common Powers
160 = 1 = 20
161 = 16 = 24
162 = 256 = 28
163 = 4096 = 212
210 = 1024 = 1 K
220 = 1048576 = 1 M (1 Megabits) = 1024 K = 210 x 210
230 = 1073741824 = 1 G (1 Gigabits)
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2-3 = 0.125
2-2 = 0.25
2-1 = 0.5
20 = 1
21 = 2
22 = 4
23 = 8
24 = 16
25 =32
26 = 64
27 = 128
28 = 256
29 = 512
210 = 1024
211 = 2048
212 = 4096
Least Significant Digit
Most Significant Digit
5310 = 1101012
Most Significant Digit
(has weight of 25 or
32). For base 2, also
called Most Significant
Bit (MSB). Always
LEFTMOST digit.
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Least Significant Digit
(has weight of 20 or 1).
For base 2, also called
Least Significant Bit
(LSB). Always
RIGHTMOST digit.
Hex (base 16) to Binary Conversion
Each Hex digit represents 4 bits. To convert a Hex number to
Binary, simply convert each Hex digit to its four bit value.
Hex Digits to binary:
016 = 00002
116 = 00012
216 = 00102
316 = 00112
416 = 01002
516 = 01012
616 = 01102
716 = 01112
81516 = 10002
Hex Digits to binary (cont):
916 = 10012
A16 = 10102
B16 = 10112
C16 = 11002
D16 = 11012
E16 = 11102
F16 = 11112
Hex to Binary, Binary to Hex
A2F16
= 1010 0010 11112
34516 =
0011 0100 01012
Binary to Hex is just the opposite, create groups of 4 bits
starting with least significant bits. If last group does not
have 4 bits, then pad with zeros for unsigned numbers.
10100012 = 0101 00012 = 5116
Padded with a zero
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Hex to Binary, Binary to Hex
A2F16
= 1010 0010 11112
34516 =
0011 0100 01012
Binary to Hex is just the opposite, create groups of 4 bits
starting with least significant bits. If last group does not
have 4 bits, then pad with zeros for unsigned numbers.
10100012 = 0101 00012 = 5116
Padded with a zero
Octal to Binary, Binary to Octal
3458
=
011 100 1012
Binary to Octal is just the opposite, create groups of 3 bits
starting with least significant bits. If last group does not
have 3 bits, then pad with zeros for unsigned numbers.
10100012 = 001 010 0012 = 1218
Padded with a zero
Conversion of Any Base to Decimal
Converting from ANY base to decimal is done by multiplying
each digit by its weight and summing.
Binary to Decimal
1011.112 = 1x23 + 0x22 + 1x21 + 1x20 + 1x2-1 + 1x2-2
= 8
+ 0 + 2 + 1 + 0.5 + 0.25
= 11.75
Hex to Decimal
A2F16 = 10x162 + 2x161 + 15x160
= 10 x 256
+ 2 x 16 + 15 x 1
= 2560 + 32 + 15 = 2607
A Trick!
If faced with a large binary number that has to be
converted to decimal, I first convert the binary number
to HEX, then convert the HEX to decimal. Less work!
1101111100112 = 1101 1111 00112
= D16
F16 316
= 13 x 162 + 15 x 161 + 3x160
= 13 x 256 + 15 x 16 + 3 x 1
= 3328 + 240 + 3
= 357110
Of course, you can also use the binary, hex conversion feature on
your calculator. Calculators won’t be allowed on the first test,
though…...
Conversion of Decimal Integer To ANY Base
Divide Number N by base R until
quotient is 0.
Remainder at EACH step is a digit in
base R, from Least Significant digit to
Most significant digit.
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Conversion of Decimal Integer To ANY Base
Example
Convert 53 to binary
53/2 =
26/2 =
13/2 =
6 /2 =
3/2 =
1/2 =
26,
13,
6 ,
3,
1,
0,
rem = 1
rem = 0
rem = 1
rem = 0
rem = 1
rem = 1
Least Significant Digit
Most Significant Digit
5310 = 1101012
= 1x25 + 1x24 + 0x23 + 1x22 + 0x21 + 1x20
= 32 + 16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1 = 53
More Conversions
Convert 53 to Hex
53/16 = 3, rem = 5
3 /16 = 0 , rem = 3
5310 = 3516
= 3 x 161 + 5 x 160
= 48 + 5 = 53
9710=???
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Binary Numbers Again
Recall that N binary digits (N bits) can represent unsigned
integers from 0 to 2N-1.
4 bits = 0 to 15
8 bits = 0 to 255
16 bits = 0 to 65535
Besides simply representation, we would like to also do
arithmetic operations on numbers in binary form.
Principle operations are addition and subtraction.
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Next…
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Additions/subtractions